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203 Ch14
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47
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/08/2011

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Term
Endocrine signals
Definition
Produced at great distance from their target, which travel through the bloodstream to their target
Term
Paracrine signals
Definition
Released locally to signal cells right next to each other.
Term
Juxtacrine signals
Definition
Signals that require physical contact betwixt cells.
Term
Autocrine signals
Definition
Signals which act upon the same cell that produced them.
Term
Ligan
Definition
Primary Cellular Messenger
Term
Signal transduction
Definition
The process of a cell to respond to ligand-receptor binding by altering its behavior or gene expression
Term
Signal Amplification
Definition
Small quantities of ligand elicit a dramatic response in a target cell
Term
Receptor Affinity
Definition
measure how tightly the receptor bind to ligand
Term
Receptor Down-Regulation
Definition
down-regulation of the receptor affinity
Term
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
reduce the density of the receptor
Term
Desensitization
Definition
reduce the receptor affinity (e.g. phosphorylation)
Term
Agonists
Definition
activate the receptor
Term
Antagonists
Definition
inactivate the receptor
Term
G protein-linked receptor family
Definition
Ligand binding activates a particular G protein (guanine-nucleotide binding protein)
Term
Extracellular Domain
Definition
Loops; messenger-binding site
Term
Cytosolic Domain
Definition
loops; G proteins interaction site
Phosphrylation site
Term
GRK and PKA
Definition
desensitizing Kinases
Term
Usage of GTP/GDP, Respectively
Definition
On/Off Switches
Term
RGS
Definition
enhances GTPase activity
Term
cAMP
Definition
Generated from Cytosol ATP by enzyme Adenylyl cyclase which pulls out a PPi to make it. Catalyzed by Phosphodiesterase to make AMP
Term
IP3 & DAG
Definition
IP3 hits the Calcium channels and goes to Protein Kinase C, DAG goes straight to Protein Kinase C. Activates messenger Acetylcholine.
Term
Calcium ions
Definition
Term
Secondary Messengers
Definition
cAMP, IP3 & DAG, and Calcium Ions
Term
Phosphodiesterase
Definition
Catalyzes cAMP back to ATP
Term
Adenylyl cyclase
Definition
Catalyzes ATP to cAMP
Term
Targets of cAMP
Definition
PKA, which phosphorylates a variety of proteins on ser or thr residues
Term
cAMP binding to PKA to activate PKA activity is an example of ______ regulation
Definition
Allosteric
Term
Functions of Ephinephrine
Definition
Glucogen degradation, fatty acid production, heart rate and blood pressure regulation.
Term
Secondary Messengers and Cholera
Definition
Chlorera toxin modifies Gs so that it cannot hydrolize GTP, constitutive cAMP production, secretes H20 and Salt into small intestine and rapid dehydration
Term
Secondary Messengers and Whooping cough
Definition
Acts on Gi so it can no longer inhibit adenylyl cyclase, constitutive cAMP production, H20 secreting into lungs
Term
Secondary Messengers and Cholera
Definition
Chlorera toxin modifies Gs so that it cannot hydrolize GTP, constitutive cAMP production, secretes H20 and Salt into small intestine and rapid dehydration
Term
Secondary Messengers and Whooping cough
Definition
Acts on Gi so it can no longer inhibit adenylyl cyclase, constitutive cAMP production, H20 secreting into lungs
Term
phospholipase C
Definition
Transforms PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
Term
Messenger acetylecholine regulates
Definition
Amylase secretion, muscle contractions, and insuline secretion.
Term
Calcium indicators
Definition
Calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes
Term
Where is more Ca2+ found, Cytosol or Cell exterior?
Definition
Cytosol
Term
Cytosol [Ca2+] is maintained by...
Definition
calcium ATPases; Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
Term
What is released when an egg is fertilzed?
Definition
Ca2+
Term
How many calcium ions does Calmodium build?
Definition
Four
Term
What turns Calmodulin into an active complex?
Definition
a shift of conformation
Term
When binding to a protein, what physical action does Calmodulin do?
Definition
It 'wraps' around the active site.
Term
What causes a G Protein with GTP to bind a muscarinic Ach receptor?
Definition
the absence of Ach (Acetylcholine)
Term
The Binding of Ach to muscarinic Ach Receptor causes...
Definition
The activation of a G Protein and the opening of a K+ Ion Channel by the by subunit of the G Protein interacting with it.
Term
What does insuline regulate in Glucose metabolism
Definition
Regulates glucose uptake and Glycogen Synthesis through PI3-Kinase
Term
Where are GLUT1 and GLUT2 located?
Definition
Animal Cell Plasma Membrane
Term
What is a Receptor-Hsp complex associate with?
Definition
Steroid hormones (cortisol)
Term
When cortisol bonds with Receptor-HSP Complex, what protein is released?
Definition
Hsp
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