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| The practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. This time was led by a senator Joseph ______. |
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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| The market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. |
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| Allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. |
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| Established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. |
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| Prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. |
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| Prohibits the states and the federal government from setting a voting age higher than eighteen. |
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| Or Age of Reason, was a cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in the late 17th and 18th century Europe emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. |
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| a manufacturing process (most of the time called a progressive assembly) in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods. |
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| a political doctrine where one sides with "the people" against "the elites". |
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| an unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another. |
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| Spanish American War 1898 |
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| a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, the result of American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. |
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| a concept in foreign affairs, initially used to refer to the United States policy in late 19th century and early 20th century that would grant multiple international powers with equal access to China, with none of them in total control of that country. |
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| a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823, it stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. |
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| a broadly based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th century and is generally considered to be middle class and reformist in nature. It arose as a response to the vast changes brought by modernization, such as the growth of large corporations and railroads, and fears of corruption in American politics. |
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| a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. From the time of its occurrence until the approach of World War II in 1939, it was called simply the World War or the Great War |
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| one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. |
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| an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. |
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| Bolshevik/Russian Revolution 1917 |
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| the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917 |
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| the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism, used by anti-leftist proponents. |
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| setting apart or separating things or people |
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| Great Depression 1929-1942 |
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| a severe worldwide economic downturn in the decade preceding World War II. |
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a global war, it is generally considered to have lasted from 1939 to 1945, although some conflicts in Asia that are commonly viewed as becoming part of the world war had been going on earlier than that.
Pearl Harbor |
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| a political context, is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to a (potential) enemy power (or powers) in order to avoid a threatened conflict. |
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| a broad foreign affairs doctrine held by people who believe that their own nation is best served by holding the affairs of other nations at a distance. |
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| an intergovernmental organization whose stated aims include promoting and facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, political freedoms, democracy, and the achievement of lasting world peace. |
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| a phrase typically used to delineate the period of history following the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945. |
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| a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western Bloc, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. |
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| a mid-to-late 20th century competition between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US) for supremacy in space exploration. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization/NATO |
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Definition
| an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. |
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| a mutual defense treaty between 8 communist States of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The founding treaty was established under the initiative of the Soviet Union and signed on 14 May 1955 |
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| A war by an Asian country, which split the country down the 38th parallel. Leaving the U.S. and China to intervene. (The country is still split today). |
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| an international relations policy set forth by a U.S. president in a speech on March 12, 1947, which stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. |
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| the American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism. |
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| a 13-day confrontation in October 1962. The situation is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict. |
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| a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in 3 S.E. Asian countries from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. |
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| Command Economy/Communism |
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| an economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority (a.k.a government), usually by a public body such as a government agency. |
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| Market Economy/Captialism |
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| an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system. |
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| any period marked by a greatly increased birth rate. |
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| National Organization for Women/NOW |
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| a feminist organization founded in 1966. It has a membership of 550,000. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. |
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sets a term limit for election to the office of President of the United States.
No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. |
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| a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". |
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| Brown v. Board of Education 1954 |
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| a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. |
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an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights.
The government should keep their "hands-off" the economy. [Tea Party (R) belief] |
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| abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. |
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| a series of domestic economic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They involved presidential executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. |
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| Large Business. ex: Standard Oil, which was the largest corp. in the world. |
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| the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. |
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| a Native American activist organization in the United States, founded in 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, with an agenda that focuses on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty. |
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| the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, caste, religious, or national group |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| a landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that prohibits discrimination in voting. |
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| Ratified in the wake of the Civil War, this amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race or color. |
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| extends the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as to the federal government |
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| guarantees that no state can deny the right to vote on the basis of sex (women) |
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| an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, morals, and/or religion. |
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| the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to allow (according to proponents) fair competition between imports and goods and service produced domestically. |
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| the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. |
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| a policy by which governments do not discriminate against imports or exports. |
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| the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society. |
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| Enlightenment thinker: Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) |
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| Enlightenment thinker: English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) |
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| French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Age of Enlightenment. Believed in separation of powers. |
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| the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects |
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| A term used by Adam Smith to describe his belief that individuals seeking their economic self-interest actually benefit society more than they would if they tried to benefit society directly. |
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a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home.
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| The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. |
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| an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests |
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the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.
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| an estimate of the number of child deaths for every 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator to measure the health and well-being of a nation, because factors affecting the health of entire populations can also impact this. |
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| A military operation in the late 1940s that brought food and other needed goods into this West German city by air after the government of East Germany had cut off its supply routes. |
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| (in South Africa) a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. |
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| a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. |
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a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.
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A person, or persons, who challenged racial laws in the American South in the 1960s, originally by refusing to abide by the laws designating that seating in buses be segregated by race. (The answer is not Rosa Parks!)
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| United Farm Workers (UFWA) |
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| a labor union created from the merging of two groups, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by Filipino organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez. |
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| a progressive political organization that stood in the vanguard of the most powerful movement for social change in America since the Revolution of 1776 and the Civil War: that dynamic episode generally referred to as The Sixties. |
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| a student protest which took place during the 1964–65 academic year on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley under the informal leadership of students Mario Savio, Michael Rossman, Brian Turner, Bettina Aptheker, Steve Weissman, Art Goldberg, Jackie Goldberg, and others. |
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| a way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm. |
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| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
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| an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. |
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an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.
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a movement in support of rights and political power for African Americans, especially prominent in the US in the 1960s and 1970s.
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| The Regents of University of California v. Bakke |
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| a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. |
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| a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi, which had historically excluded most blacks from voting. |
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| A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. |
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| Students Non-Violent Coordinating Committee |
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Definition
| one of the most important organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a student meeting organized by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in April 1960. |
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| Congress of Racial Equality |
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Definition
| interracial American organization established by James Farmer in 1942 to improve race relations and end discriminatory policies through direct-action projects. |
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| Students for a Democratic Society |
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Definition
| an organization that flourished in the mid-to-late 1960s and was known for its activism against the Vietnam War. It was founded in 1959, and its originated in the student branch of the League for Industrial Democracy, a social-democratic educational organization. |
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