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| those who were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution believing it made the new central government too powerful; strong belief in states' rights; mostly small businessmen and farmers; some finally supported the Constit after a Bill of Rights was added. |
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| those who supported the ratification of the Constitution believing that a strong central government was necessary to the survival of the new nation; new nation had too much debt, states were too separate to form a workable union. |
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| written in support of the new Constitution during the ratification phase; Madison, Jay, and Hamilton=writers of the Federalists Papers. Answered the arguments of those who opposed the document. Were read and debated throughout the states; very persuasive writing. |
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| written in opposition to the new proposed Constitution; various essays and speeches by leaders like Patrick Henry; argued against the power of a central government over the states. |
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| a type of government where power is divided between a central government and smaller governments; the US has a federal system with a central government and state governments; Antifederalists were leary that this system would infringe on the power of state governments. |
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| norms that exist that protect people from political, legal and social abuses; right to free speech, religion, fair trial, etc. |
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| powers that states have to make their own laws and set up their own ways of living that cannot be infringed on by the national government. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| first Constitution of the new US; officially ratified in 1781; a vey loose ultimately weak "league of friendship" between the states; so weak it was unable to enforce laws, tax, or control commerce; |
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| James Madison's plan that lincluded a bicameral (two-house) legislature with representation determined by POPULATION; not totally accepted by the Convention but supported by large states. |
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| William Patterson response to the Virginia Plan out of small state fears that large states would take over; had a unicameral (one-house) legislature with EQUAL representation |
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| The Great/Connecticut Compromise |
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| introduced by Roger Sherman of Connecticut; solved the debate between big and small states; called for a bicameral legislature, one house with equal representation (SENATE) and one house with proportional representation (HOUSE OF REPS); helped save the convention from melt-down |
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| Constitution Convention; settled the debate between north and south; when determining representation; agreement was that 3/5 of each state's slave pop. Would be counted. |
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| Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise |
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| Constituion Convention; settled the debate between north and south; north wanted to end the slave trade, south did not; South agreed that the slave trade would end in 20 years as long as the new national government did not tax exports (like southern cash crops) |
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| Constit Convention; settled the debate over who would choose the president= state legislatures or "the people". The agreement established a slate of electors who would ultimately choose the president. |
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| PA farmer uprising over increased tax on whiskey; farmers lost money, rioted, tortured tax collectors; President Washington called up 13,000 troops to stop the uprising |
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| how a nation and its citizens perceive itself; established through customs, laws, government, and education; the early American identity was based partly on its British roots |
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| Radical idea that no government should exist, and that people should rule without laws or government; Mad Max and Lord of the Flies |
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| system with a national government (federal) and state governments that share powers; federal gov. unites the states and is the law of the land in the US. |
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| the idea that a group of people form an agreement together to make a society; people give up rights in order to be protected and to live in an ordered society. |
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| splitting up legistative, executive, and judicial powers to keep one branch from becoming too powerful; largely an idea crafted by Montesquieu (Enlightenment thinker) |
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| a system where each branch of the government is able to check, or restrain, the power of the others; ex- executive checks legislative with veto power. |
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| the belief in governing a nation as a republic founded on liberty, rule of law, popular sovereignty and good citizenship |
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| idea that people should have a voice in government; People Power; People vote for representatives in our government to represent their wishes |
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| A government structure where any more than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy; principle of our Constitution |
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| Believed in a social contract between people and government that explained that if people's rights and property weren't being protected they have the right to kick that government out; Locke Loves |
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| Political philosopher that believed that governments main purpose was to ensure safety, and should use harsh tactics at times to ensure that safety; Hobbes hates |
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| Political philosopher that believed in a separation of powers in government into 3 different branches, executive, legislative, and judicial so that they would battle for power and so one branch couldn't become too powerful because the other to would check and balance the power out |
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| Political philospher that believed that the power should be with the bourgousie, not kings, and that society had an should enforce its norms and what they majority believed to be correct, and if the majority opinion wasn't being served an new gov't should take its place |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the first Constitution of the new United States; officially ratified in 1781; a vey loose ultimately weak "league of friendship" between the states; so weak it was unable to enforce laws, tax, or control commerce; this failed attempt led to the Constitution Convention |
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| uprising of New England debt-ridden farmers who had their land taken because they could not pay their high taxes; as a result, they rebelled against the Mass. Government demanding that their land not be taken; this event and other similar uprisings led leaders to realize that the AOC was a failure. |
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| Formally ended the Revolution; formal recognition to the U.S., the treaty: established U.S. boundaries, specified certain fishing rights, allowed creditors of each country to be paid by citizens of the other, restored the rights and property of Loyalists, opened up the Mississippi River to citizens of both nations and provided for evacuation of all British forces. |
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| how a nation and its citizens perceive itself; established through customs, laws, government, and education; the early American identity was based partly on its British roots, partly on the customs of its immigrants, and partly on its traditions of individual rights and freedoms. |
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Rule by one party led by a dictator, “Elected” but elections only involve one party, Efficient, because only one party makes the decisions; nationalism, No choice; loss of personal freedom and rights; possibility of corruption; use of force to maintain power
Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Soviet Union, Ba’athist Iraq, |
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| Rule by one, Military overthrow, “elected”, family connections, Efficient, because only one person makes the decisions; charismatic leader can create nationalism, Bad leader=bad country, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Kim Jong-Il, Mussolini |
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| Rule by one, possibly a monarch, Ruler chosen by blood or military action, Efficient, because only one person makes the decisions; charismatic leader can create nationalism, Bad leader makes for bad decisions; no popular sov., Absolute rulers of Europe; Tsars of Russia; Iraq under Hussein |
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| Rule by clergy, Chosen by Church leaders, “Divinely chosen”, Possibility of moral leadership, No religious freedom, moral decisions made by few, harsh punishment for breaking laws, Iran, Vatican City, Saudi Arabia |
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| Rule by elite few especially the wealthy or most powerful, Inherited power, sometimes military action; economic power; elections, The few, acting in their best interest, may benefit the whole; may actually break the power of some authoritarian regimes. Leaders make decisions that benefit, themselves; corruption; hidden powers, Medieval European monarchies, Apartheid South Africa, US (?) |
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| Rule by all (or by the people through elected officials in a Republic) Elections for qualified voters, Popular sovereignty, people have a direct or indirect voice in government; political stability, Inefficient because of the number of factions, need for compromise, minority voice may not be heard, takes money to get elected, US, Great Britain, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Germany. |
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| Rule by elite class especially within a monarchy, Hereditary: land-owning, age, race, military, cultural elite, If elite are truly the “best” of the population, they may make the “best”decisions. Differing beliefs about who is “best”. Elite may begin to make decisions for their own benefit. No popular sovereignty. Pre-revolution France, England from 1688-1832, |
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