Term
| Illness/wellness continuum |
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Definition
Health and sickness are not separate concepts
Optimal wellness > increase in wellness > neutral health > increase in illness > death |
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Definition
| Positive state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing that varies over time along a continuum |
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| Mind-body connection in health |
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Definition
Greek philosophers, middle ages and renaissance doctors: mind and body were believed to be separate entities
19th and 20th centuries: biomedical model |
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Definition
| The idea that all illnesses are caused by physiological processes |
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| Everyday patterns of behavior; includes risk factors for illness such as smoking; influences health |
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| Some types may influence overall health; Type A is greatly linked to illness |
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| A holistic approach to health; biological, mental, and social factors all tie into health |
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Definition
A tentative explanation of why and under what circumstances certain events occur
Example: smoking is a major cause of lung cancer |
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Definition
A testable prediction used to guide further research
Example: the more you smoke, the higher your chances of getting lung cancer |
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Definition
| Research design characterized by random assignment, manipulation of a condition, measurement of changes from the manipulation, and controls for as many confounds as possible |
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Definition
| When it's high - cause and effect inferences |
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Definition
| When it's low - generalizability from lab to real world |
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Definition
| Randomly sorting participants into groups |
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Definition
| The group in an experiment that receives manipulation |
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Definition
| What the experimenter manipulates in an experiment |
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| A variable that is not controlled for that can cause an illusory correlation in an experiment |
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Definition
| What the experimenter measures in an experiment |
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| Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement |
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Definition
Must lack either random assignment or manipulation of an IV
Usually not conducted on humans
Cannot infer cause-effect relationship |
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Definition
Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
The letter "r" is used to indicate a correlation; either +, -, or 0 and range from -1.0 to 1.0; the closer to 1 in either direction, the stronger the correlation
Usually depicted through scatter plots |
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Term
| Quasi-experimental approach |
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Definition
Two groups of subjects that are not randomly assigned; groups of people that already exist (ex post facto study)
Example: experimental group of people who already smoke/have heart disease/have HIV
Retrospective or prospective approach |
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Definition
| Look back at the history of both groups in a quasi-experimental model to determine correlation |
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Definition
| Look forward into the life of subjects to determine correlation in a quasi-experimental model |
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Definition
| A developmental approach using groups of subjects of different ages to look at changes that happen with age |
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Definition
| A developmental approach using one group of subjects observed over many years |
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Term
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Definition
Comprised of nerves that enervate our bodies; autonomic and somatic
12 cranial nerves: originate in the brainstem and project to the face and neck muscles; includes vagus nerve which is involved in all abdominal organs and muscles
31 spinal nerves: help enervate the body; originate from the spinal cord |
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Definition
| Controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands |
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Definition
| Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
All higher functions of humanity reside here
Reward, motivation, memory, personality
Diencephalon: hypothalamus and thalamus
Telencephalon: limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala), cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
Very small; separates hindbrain from midbrain
Contains sensory and motor neurons
Involved in specific types of movement
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Substantia nigra |
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Term
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Definition
Comprised of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
Medulla: vital life functions (breathing, heart rate, eating)
Pons: relays sensory information
Cerebellum: involved in coordination and movement |
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Definition
| Independent of the brain, it can produce spinal reflexes; sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons (relay neuron with short axon) are involved |
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Definition
Part of the midbrain; relay for visual information
Involved in tracking eye movements and fixed gaze |
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Definition
Part of the midbrain; relay for audio information
Involved in orienting to an auditory stimulus |
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Definition
Part of the midbrain; involved in movement
Projects to basal ganglia
Lack of dopamine here is associated with Parkinson's |
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Definition
Starts in the hindbrain and progresses through the midbrain and into the forebrain
Plays a role in sleep, arousal, attention, eating
Implicated in ADHD |
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Definition
| Part of the diencephalon in the forebrain; maintains homeostasis; different regions are involved in various functions such as feeding, sex drive, temperature, circadian rhythm |
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Definition
| Part of the diencephalon in the forebrain; processes sensory information and serves as a gateway to the cortex (excluding smell) |
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Definition
Part of the telencephalon in the forebrain involved in memory and emotion
Hippocampus and amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
Part of the limbic system; means "seahorse"
Involved in spatial memory
Case - HM: took out temporal lobes to get rid of epilepsy; worked, but could not form new memories
Morris water maze |
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Definition
Part of the limbic system involved in negative emotion
Fear and aggression |
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Definition
| Divided into the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe |
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Definition
| A thick fiber bundle that connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum; made up of axons |
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Definition
Frontmost lobe of the cerebrum
Involved in motor function, language, thinking, executive functions, and personality
Associated with psychological disorders such as schizophrenia
Phineas Gage: damage to prefrontal cortex; personality switch |
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Term
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Definition
Located in the cerebrum
Involved in somatosensory information |
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Term
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Definition
Located in the cerebrum
Houses the primary visual cortexes |
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Definition
Part of the cerebrum
Houses auditory cortex
Includes the hippocampus and amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
A set of glands that work in close association with the nervous system
Communicates using hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol)
Hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland ("master gland")
High levels of stress hormones are associated with a high risk for illness; can affect all bodily systems in a negative way |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system that stimulate stress responses |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system that communicate using testosterone and estrogen |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system that releases hormones in times of growth; plays a part in weight gain |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system that releases hormones that help us with regulating blood sugar |
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Term
| Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis |
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Definition
A stress cascade in the pituitary system
Hypothalamus releases corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH) into the bloodstream, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland, which releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids (stress hormones, which are called cortisol in humans) |
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Term
| Norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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Definition
Hormones released by the adrenal glands; adrenaline
Main hormones released by the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| A pancreatic hormone that raises blood sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| A pancreatic hormone that lowers blood sugar; takes sugar out of the blood and stores it in cells for use |
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Term
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Definition
Insulin deficiency; hyperglycemia; pancreas does not make enough insulin
Buildup of sugar in the blood; can lead to death if not treated |
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Definition
Breaks down what we have ingested; converts food into chemicals that the body can use; excretes the excess waste
Begins at the mouth, which mechanically breaks down food through chewing; saliva is released while we chew, which contains enzymes which further help break down food
Esophagus uses peristalsis to move food into the stomach; stomach prepares by releasing gastric juices (hydrochloric acid and pepsin)
The stomach churns the food for 3-4 hours and releases mucus to protect the stomach from the acid
The stomach uses peristalsis to push food into the small intestine (duodenum), where the acidic mixture is made more alkaline; enzymes break down carbs, fat, and proteins further; absorption increases- membrane with capillaries allows nutrients (amino acids) to pass into the blood
Leftover material passes into the large intestine, where remaining water is absorbed, and the leftover material is released from the rectum as waste |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by infection or excess gastric juices
Exacerbated by stress
Occur in the stomach and small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Liver cells die and are permanently replaced by scar tissue
Caused by alcoholism or hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
Cancer that happens normally in people over 40
Screened for with a colonoscopy |
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Term
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Definition
All chemical reactions that occur in the body's cells
After eating, energy heats the body and fuels activities |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of energy a food contains |
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Term
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
The amount of energy we burn at rest
This is typically higher in men; also influenced by age, height, and weight |
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Term
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Definition
In charge of gas exchange in the body
Supplies the body with oxygen and gets rid of CO2
Air enters through nose and mouth > larynx > trachea > bronchial tubes
Chemoreceptors in the lungs detect levels of O2 and CO2; send signals to the brain > medulla and pons tell the body what to do
Sneezing and coughing used to protect this system |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller branches of the bronchial tubes in the lungs |
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Definition
| Tiny air sacs with thin membranes that are attached to bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucous in the respiratory system |
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Term
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Definition
Inherited disease of the respiratory system
Thick secretions block airways and trap air in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
Bronchial airways narrow due to inflamation and excess mucous secretion
Can be caused by allergies and infection, and worsened by stress |
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Term
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Definition
Supplies the cells of the body with nutrients
Removes waste that metabolism produces
Includes the heart (myocardium; circulates blood through the body), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) |
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Term
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Definition
A muscle composed of four chambers
Blood enters the right atrium into the right ventricle > pulmonary artery brings blood and oxygen to the lungs > left atrium and left ventricle > aorta to circulate blood through the body |
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Term
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Definition
Force exerted by blood on the artery walls
Diastolic: resting force in arteries between myocardial contractions
Systolic: maximum force in the arteries when the heart contracts
Hypertensive: > 140/90; prehypertensive: >= 120/80; optimal: <120/80 |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of formed elements- 45% of blood volume; red blood cells, hemoglobin; leukocytes (protective functions; kill bacteria); platelets (prevent blood loss); and plasma (55% of blood volume; made of water, proteins, and nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulation of fatty patches in the arteries
Increases blood pressure
Can increase risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
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Term
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Definition
Elasticity of arteries is reduced
Can increase risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
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Term
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Definition
Fights against foreign invaders and protects the body
Composed of lymphatic organs-- bone marrow (lymphocytes are produced here), thymus, lymph nodes (found in armpits, neck, groin; home base for lymphocytes), lymphatic vessels (connect lymph nodes throughout the body; do not contain blood, but lymph), spleen (home base for lymphocytes, but contains blood)
Acute stressors suppress nonspecific immunity (phagocytes)
Chronic stressors suppress nonspecific and specific immune responses (phagocytes, T-cells, and B-cells); increase inflamation
Caffeine and cannabinoids reduce inflamation in the brains of aged rats; microglia, which aid the brain when damaged or inflamed, will be less abundant with the treatment |
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Term
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Definition
A substance that can trigger an immune response
Potentially harmful substances (bateria, fungus, viruses)
Organ transplants: must find a genetically good match and use drugs to suppress the immune system
Allergies: usually things we're allergic to aren't harmful, but just annoying to our immune systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of immunity in which the lymphocytes respond to any kind of antigen |
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Definition
| Type of immunity that operates specifically at the level of the cell |
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Term
| Antibody-mediated immunity |
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Definition
| Type of immunity in which lymphocytes attack antigens still in bodily fluids |
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Term
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Definition
Macrophages and monocytes; involved in the non-specific immunity response
Second line of defense against infection; consume invading substances and present foreign invaders to the lymphocytes; activate helper T-cells to stimulate B-cells to make antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
A type of white blood cell that is involved in fighting infections
T-cells-- cell-mediated immunity
B-cells-- antibody-mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
Type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that attack cancerous cells, transplanted tissue, and cells invaded by antigens
Third line of defense against infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that remembers previous invaders to mount a response more quickly to repeat attacks |
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Definition
| Type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that stimulates production and maturation of lymphocytes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that slows down invaders, punctures membranes of invaders, and forms memory B cells |
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Term
| Skin and mucous membranes |
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Definition
| First line of defense against invaders; very effective unless there's a cut |
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Definition
| White blood cells in charge of slowing down the immune system once the threat of infection is over |
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Term
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Definition
| When the immune system attacks the body |
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Term
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Definition
An autoimmune disease in which the immune system destroys the myelin coating axons
Symptoms include muscle weakness, trembling, and eventually cognitive defects |
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Term
| Effects of stress on health |
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Definition
Significant stress increases chances of getting sick
Stress as a response: strain; response to a stressor; can be studied by exposing animals to stressors or studying humans who have already experienced a stressor
Stress as a process: includes stressors and strains; transactions- continuous interactions and adjustments between the person and the environment
Primary appraisal: initial decision about whether an event is harmful
Secondary appraisal: our assessment of the resources we have available for coping
Factors relating to the person and the situation...
Symptoms: depression, hopelessness, anxiety, anger, heart rate increase, blood pressure, corticosteroids |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance used to induce sickness in lab animals |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that causes inflamation to aid in fighting off infection |
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Term
| Biological response to stress |
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Definition
| Activation of the sympathetic nervous system- increased heart rate, increased blood flow, increased perspiration; stimulate adrenal glands; epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
Father of modern stress psychology
Stress response has three steps: 1. alarm reaction (activation of SNS), 2. resistance , 3.exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated wear and tear on body with fluctuations in stress hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress can cause regression and loss of dendritic spines in the hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
Stress is linked to negative emotions such as fear and anxiety
Phobias and anxiety disorders
Amygdala is the main area of the brain for this |
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Term
| Social readjustment rating scale |
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Definition
| List of major life events with certain stress ratings |
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Term
| Psychosocial modifiers of stress |
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Definition
Social support, personality factors, sense of personal control
Influence how we react to stress and how stress can contribute to illness |
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Term
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Definition
Genetics, biological processes, and peri-natal insults predispose us for mental or physical disorder
Coping skills, social support, etc. can decrease likelihood of developing a predisposed disorder |
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Definition
Stress can produce changes in the body's physiology
Can affect health through a person's behavior; tend to eat less healthy, exercise less, engage in unhealthy lifestyle choices, be more prone to accidents |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the relationship between the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and behavior, and how psychosocial factors affect these relationships |
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Term
| Psychophysiological disorders of the digestive system |
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Definition
Physical illnesses that result from an interplay of physiological and psychological processes
Ulcers and IBS
Stress causes an increase in production of stomach acid |
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Term
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Definition
Tension headaches- due to stress in the neck; dull, aching pain
Migraine headaches- sharp pain caused by dilation of blood vessels in the brain
Exacerbated by stress |
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Term
| Stress and the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
Stress can increase cardiovascular reactivity
Highly correlated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke; stress increases platelets, inflamation of blood vessels, blood pressure, and cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
High blood pressure; >140 systolic, 90 diastolic
Major risk factor for cardiovascular disease |
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Term
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Definition
Damage to the heart due to the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart
Leading cause of death: 1 in 2.5 deaths
Caused by cholesterol buildup in arteries (atherosclerosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in a stressful situation |
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Definition
| A type of coping aimed at reducing the demands of the stressful situation or increasing available resources |
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Definition
A type of coping aimed at controlling the emotional response to the stressful situation
Used when it feels like the situation is out of your control
Happens after situations such as a death in the family
Can be behavioral (drinking alcohol or taking drugs, distracting self, seeing friends; trying to feel better) or cognitive (looking on the bright side, reasoning your way into a positive state of mind, denial, Freudian defense mechanisms; typically don't last very long so long as the stressor persists) |
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Term
| Reducing potential for stress |
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Definition
Social support
Increasing personal control
Getting organized, managing time; using short-term goals to achieve long-term goals; make a to-do list and prioritize
Preparing for stressful events
Exercise; negative correlation between amount of stress and amount of exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-anxiety drugs that enhance GABA activity (depress the nervous system) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-anxiety drugs that reduce norepinephrine and epinephrine levels released into the peripheral nervous system during stress |
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Term
| Progressive muscle relaxation |
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Definition
| An anxiety-reducing technique focused on attention to specific muscle groups, alternating between tightening and relaxing the muscles |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
An anxiety-reducing technique focused on reducing fear and anxiety by counterconditioning and stimulus hierarchy
Ex: US - pain; UR - fear; CS - dentist; CR - fear in response to dentist
Train patient to be calm in presence of dentist |
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Term
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Definition
| Step 1: build a hierarchy of anxiety-inducing stimuli including degree of fear experienced from 5 to 100 |
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Term
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Definition
A method of anxiety reduction via use of a machine that monitors the status of a person's physiological response and reports that information back to the individual
Works through operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of anxiety reduction; stress-provoking thoughts are replaced with constructive or realistic ones |
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Term
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Definition
| The false belief that self worth lies in the opinions of others |
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Definition
Inferring that a fairly generic situation is one's own fault
Ex: husband comes home from work angry; wife believes it is her fault |
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Term
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Definition
The exaggerated belief that a stressful situation is much worse than it appears
Ex: it is the end of the world if I don't pass this test! |
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Definition
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Term
| Leading causes of death in the US |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Any activity that people perform to maintain or improve health
Can engage in this even when ill or if the behavior is not helping
Well behavior: affected by perceived risk (i.e. alcoholism in the family)
Symptom-based behavior: when a disease or illness is first starting; includes whining about symptoms, going to the doctor, or avoiding treatment
Sick-role behavior: after illness has been established; includes taking a sick day, using medication, and going to rehab |
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Term
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Definition
A type of illness prevention; actions taken to avoid disease or injury
Only happens before disease occurs
Includes eating a healthy diet, brushing teeth, getting vaccinations, wearing a seatbelt, and engaging in exercise |
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Term
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Definition
A type of illness prevention; actions taken to identify and treat and illness early with the aim of stopping or reversing the problem
Includes yearly physicals, mammograms, OBGYN exams, prostate exams, weight watchers |
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Term
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Definition
A type of illness prevention; actions to contain damage, prevent disability or recurrence, and rehabilitate the patient
Includes physical therapy, cancer treatment, and rehab |
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Term
| Problems in promoting wellness |
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Definition
Factors within the individual: motivation, habits, reward
Interpersonal factors: influence from loved ones, family schedules
Factors within the community: health care, fast food availability, organic food prices |
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Term
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Definition
An influence in health behavior
May influence likelihood of addiction (abnormal A1 allele; inactive dopamine receptors) |
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Term
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Definition
Consequences of a behavior shape future performance
Uses positive and negative reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of learning where we learn by observing others |
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Term
| Forming habits and antecedents |
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Definition
| A negative learned behavior that is reinforced by positive effects |
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Term
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Definition
Stimuli that precede a behavior that set up the situation for it
i.e. automatically wanting a cigarette at mealtime or with a drink |
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Term
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Definition
| Thoughts that can increase or decrease likelihood of seeking medical help |
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Term
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Definition
Activated during stress response
Hypothalamus > pituitary > adrenal
Homeostasis / main gland of endocrine system which activates adrenal glands / releases cortisol |
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