Term
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Definition
| Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
enlargement of the spinal cord where it enters the skull
Controls breathing, vomiting, coughing, gagging, sneezing |
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Term
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Definition
“bridge” in latin
Where information from the right side of the brain crosses over to the left side of the body, and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
“little cerebrum”
Coordinates movement in response to stimuli
Very susceptible to the effects of alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| makes you respond to stimuli and pay attention to things; does not have enough norepinephrine in ADD patients |
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Term
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Definition
controls stress response, BONERZ, the 4 Fs, sleep, eating, drinking
Regulates biological clock
Sleep is important for conserving energy
Takes place at a time when it is dangerous for us to be awake; our night vision sucks and we’re slow |
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Term
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Definition
| “switchboard operator” of the brain; decides what you will pay attention to |
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Term
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Definition
“limbus” means “shadow”; under the cerebrum; controls emotions
Contains Septum, Amygdala, and Hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system; produces feelings of happiness...awwwwww; releases dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system; controls flight or fight emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system; regulates activity in the amygdala and septum; forms new long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
allows the initiation of voluntary movement
Associated with dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
Cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| outside layer of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| largest structure in the brain; where personality, conscience and intelligence lie |
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Term
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Definition
| receives information from the body; contains somatosensory cortex-- processes sensory information from the body |
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Definition
| processes information from the eyes; contains visual cortex |
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Definition
| processes taste, smell, and auditory stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
The core of our brains
Brain stem
Medulla, pons, and cerebellum (hindbrain)
Reticular formation (midbrain)
Hypothalamus and thalamus (forebrain)
Designed to respond to stimuli, reproduce, conserve energy
An injury to the reptilian brain is a brain stem injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains reptilian brain and basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a fucked up basal ganglia; can also cause tics |
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Term
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Definition
caused by a lack of dopamine to the basal ganglia
Treated with L-dopa, which crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted to dopamine |
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Term
| Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea(“to dance”)) |
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Definition
Caused by too much dopamine, caused by an error on chromosome 4, a dominant gene
High levels of dopamine are associated with psychosis |
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Term
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Definition
form of psychosis where the reason is unknown
Diagnosis by exclusion
Thought disturbances
Usually develops between 16-26
Show early signs of dopamine malfunction (as babies, reaching with two hands, crawling with one arm) |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior that comes about as a result of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| learning we know is taking place; you are aware of learning something new; involves the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| new memories are converted to long-term memories; involves the hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| learning we do not know is taking place; classical conditioning, phobias etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| can only hold 7 items, only there for 15-20 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| in the cerebrum; infinite capacity; goes from short-term memory through the hippocampus to long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of reptilian brain and old mammalian brain
Added the cerebrum, which lets us learn in new ways due to long-term memory, and sensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
usually about 25 hours
Usually inherited |
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Term
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Definition
large, slow, regular brainwaves; associated with sleep; never seen in someone who is awake unless you’re messed up/having a seizure/have ADD
Theta and delta waves |
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Term
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Definition
| synchronized brainwaves; 5 waves/second; associated with light sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| synchronized brainwaves; 2 waves/second |
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Term
| Desynchronized brainwaves |
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Definition
small, fast, irregular brainwaves; associated with consciousness
Beta and alpha waves |
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Term
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Definition
| 20 waves per second; associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 waves per second; associated with activation of the parasympathetic nervous system; relaxed wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts 90 minutes; I → II → III → IV → III → II → I |
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Term
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Definition
I: light stage of sleep; theta waves
II: sleep spindles and K-complexes appear
III: delta waves start to appear
IV: when more than 50% of brainwaves are delta waves
We spend a lot of time in stage III and IV early on in the night |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of desynchronization during synchronized brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
in the last stage of sleep, the eyes start moving rapidly and brain activity appears to be conscious
An area in the medulla turns off all your muscles (except the eyes)
MORNING WOOD! Happens in REM sleep
REM deprivation leads to irritability, inattention, overeating, and MASTURBATIOOOON RAWR |
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Term
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Definition
sleep-walking
Usually just in children, though some adults don’t outgrow it
Occurs in stage IV sleep |
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Term
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Definition
person wakes up in stage IV sleep; mostly in children; wake up terrified and don’t know why
Nightmare: dream with negative emotional content; wake up in stage I sleep |
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Term
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Definition
inability to fall asleep and stay asleep
Learn to relax
Sleeping pills are a pretty crappy solution |
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Term
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Definition
“sleep seizures”
Usually have an “aura” before it hits |
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Term
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Definition
person goes into REM sleep and starts acting out their dreams
Typically in older people |
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Term
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Definition
bedwetting
Results when sphincter doesn’t learn to hold urine
Happens in stage IV sleep
Can result from drinking too much alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| a loss of memory from a point in time backwards (usually after being knocked unconscious) |
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Term
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Definition
| no longer able to make new memories; consolidation is no longer possible due to destruction of the hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in alcoholics; hippocampus is destroyed on both sides of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the frontal lobe; controls fine movement |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the cortex which are neither sensory nor motor; makes associations between stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| basic units of sound; American English has 40; Korean and Italian only have 15-18 phonemes |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of meaningful sound (words) |
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Definition
| the rules we follow to put morphemes together |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place in Broca's area in the frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
| forms morphemes and controls muscles (through the motor cortex) in the lips, throat, and mouth to form speech |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds where you let the air flow freely |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds where you restrict the flow of air |
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Term
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Definition
| separate from language production; takes place in Wernicke's area (in the temporal lobe) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| person has trouble expressing themselves; caused by damage to Broca's area |
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Definition
| caused by damage to Wernicke's area; inability to understand what is being said |
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Term
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Definition
| when Broca's area is on both sides of the brain, the person gets info from both sides at once and stutters |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the temporal lobe causes seizures; treated by cutting the corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the prefrontal cortex causes apathy; nothing has meaning; can't make distinctions between differences |
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