Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| when others do something wrong, they are bad; when you do something bad, it's situational |
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| a psychological theory with emphasis on the unconscious mind, early experiences' impact on later development, and sex |
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| psychoanalytic psychologist; focused much more on the Id/instinct/biologically determined behavior, and libido |
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| studied under Freud; emphasized unconscious conflict and sense of trust in parents of infants |
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| Behavioral and Social Learning Theory |
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Definition
observing others, modeling behavior
focus on nurture as opposed to nature |
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| system of punishment and reward |
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focuses on conscious thinking/stage of thought based on age, intellectual capability
mixed as to whether nature or nurture is emphasized |
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genetics are largely responsible for behavior
Piaget argued that there is no treatment (ex: childhood aggression cannot be treated because it is just slow frontal lobe development) |
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Term
| Contextual and Systems theories |
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Definition
attempt to understand development of children all over the world
recognizes several things about development
-it is not only the parents' influence on the child that shapes them
-the child has an equal influence on the parents
-recognizes culture in the development of children
originally called ecological validity |
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Term
| Four Layers of the Environment in the Ecological Systems Theory - Broffenbrenner (sp?) |
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Definition
Microsystem: the child and the child's immediate interactions (home, parents, school, teachers); innermost layer
Mesosystem: meant to represent interactions between the microsystems
Exosystem: other dimensions of the child's life that have a more indirect impact (extended family, workplace, government (impact on quality of daycare etc.)), friendship network
Macrosystem: culture and cultural values, customs, laws
Chronosystem: the influences of all the systems over time (changes in laws, life-changing experiences/trauma); events over time change the developmental trajectory of individuals, which may change the values of the culture etc. |
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Term
| Bidirectionality of influence |
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Definition
| outside variables influence the child, but the child also influences the outside variables |
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Term
| Cross-sectional research design |
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Definition
typically used in developmental research; studies different aged children at the same time; data collected over short period of time, which reduces cost and energy
Problems: some individual differences, which with a low N size, impact the data; cohort effects; different aged children can have experienced traumatic events that change their disposition (i.e. 9/11)
Limits: cannot tell us about development within one subject over time |
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Definition
| different aged children can have experienced traumatic events that change their disposition (i.e. 9/11); generational influences can also contribute to this |
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Term
| Longitudinal research design |
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Definition
studies the same child or group of children at different points in time; provides rich evidence of developmental patterns
Problems: dropouts (attrition); differential dropouts (selective attrition)-- if you lose subjects for the same reason or same kinds of subjects, it leaves you with strange findings, i.e. high school dropouts; costly in terms of time and money; biased sampling prevents a truly random sample; practice effect (subject gets used to the tests and experiments and naturally improves with practice); cohort effects |
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Term
| Longitudinal-sequential (hybrid) (sequential) research design |
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Definition
| combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional design; studies two or more groups of participants born in different years at the same point in time to help eliminate cohort effects |
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| development driven by genetic variables; follows a genetic blueprint; not much variation between cultures or individuals in the species; very little outside influence |
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| principle that identifies what happens earlier is a basis for what happens later |
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| first stage of sex differentiation; both male and female are identical; 2nd and 3rd month of pregnancy |
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Term
| Wolffian (tubular) structure |
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Definition
| beginnings of male genitalia; 7th week-- turn into male genitalia when HY antigen triggers testosterone production; if XY is present but testosterone is not produced, female genitalia will still develop; mullerian inhibitor is produced |
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Term
| Mullerian (tubular) structure |
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Definition
| beginnings of female genitalia; develop into female genitalia when the XX chromosome is present; no HY antigen is produced, therefore there is no testosterone, and the undifferentiated gonad becomes ovaries; wolffian inhibitor is produced |
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| up until the 12th week for sex development; if development does not happen within this period, there will be long-term consequences |
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Definition
| ideal time in which something can develop, but not absolutely crucial |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
| female embryos exposed to higher-than-normal levels of testosterone during development develop ambiguous genitalia; these children prefer male-oriented toys, are much more active, and hit puberty late; occasionally sterile; higher rates in the female member of a male and female set of twins |
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Term
| Oppositional-limb crawling |
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Definition
| right leg and left arm, left leg and right arm; most advanced stage of crawling; shows good communication between right and left hemispheres |
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Definition
Environment can influence rate of development
Mirror
Contrasting colors
Negative— being confined to small area when crying, not enough caretakers |
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Term
| Innate releasing mechanism |
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Definition
| Piaget thought mimicking is totally normal and important to survival; infant is tethered and turns in the direction of the adult |
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Term
| AIM: active intermodal mechanism |
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Definition
| putting together motor movements and perception |
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