Term
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Definition
Single conduit
Maze passages |
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Term
(Plan view- Single conduit)
Linear |
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Definition
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Term
(Plan view- Single conduit)
Angulate |
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Definition
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Term
(Plan view- Single conduit)
Sinuous |
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Definition
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Term
(Plan view- Maze passages)
Network maze |
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Definition
| a grid of intersecting passages; high, narrow cross sections |
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Term
(Plan view- Maze passages)
Anastomotic maze |
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Definition
| curvilinear tubes of circular or elliptical cross section that intersect in a braided configuration |
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Term
(Plan view- Maze passages)
Spongework maze |
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Definition
| interconnected non-tubular solution cavities of varied size and irregular geometry arranged in an apparently random 3D patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| passages formed under hydraulic control |
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Term
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Definition
| higher than wide, nearly vertical walls, little variation in passage width from top to bottom |
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Term
(Cross section)
Elliptical tube |
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Definition
groundwater flows under pipe - full conditions, wider than high
Passage shapes controlled mainly by structure of surrounding bedrock
Fissure
Triangulate |
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Term
(Cross section)
Composite cross sections |
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Definition
| cave passages preserve their earlier history in almost overwhelming detail |
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Term
Speleothems
Classification |
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Definition
Morphology - shapes - most frequent
Origin - almost purposeless; origin can involve many mechanisms
Crystal structure - probably most technically correct |
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Term
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Definition
Crystal growth controlled
Shields
Helictites
Botryoidal
Anthodites
Oulopholites (gypsum flowers)
Transistorites (spiders) |
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Term
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Definition
Explored the Lechuguilla cave in New Mexico - at 1,567 feet down, the deepest limestone cave in the US
Coined the term "phlegmball mats" to describe the living bacterial goo on the floors of acidic caves
Discovered the “buzzing passage” in Villa Luz |
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Term
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Definition
| Co-lead, Cartographic Programmer Wakulla2 Expedition, 1998-1999. Created the first fully interactive 3D map of an underwater cave |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
an assistant professor of geology at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri.
I never gave caves a thought until I explored one in King's Canyon National Park outside Fresno, California, with a college outing club |
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Term
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Definition
She and her colleagues on the SLIME (Subsurface Life In Mineral Environments) Team are investigating how microbes help form the colorful ferromanganese deposits that coat the walls
Lechuguilla
Spider Cave
Cueva de las Sardinas (Villa Luz) |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens above ground happens below |
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Term
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Definition
adventure with a purpose
fueled by passion for scientific intimacy
getting closer, involved
difference between ES and adventure: “when risking one’s life for science and exploration, danger is minimized in order to maximize the probability of achieving ones goals, not the other way around. ESs are not on the edge to see how high or far they can go but rather to document what they see along the way, and most important, to get extreme long enough, regularly enough, to draw some scientifically defensible conclusions in the process.” |
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Term
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Definition
know humans are capable of more than survival
frontline advocates for what they study
ammunition for proof
“represent the informed voice of science to an often skeptical public.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Flatworms, gastrotrichs, tardigrades, cladocerans, ostracods, mites, immature stages of various insects |
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Term
| Troglobionic carvernicoles |
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Definition
Gastropoda: ex. Snail, carychium exile
Pseudoscorpion
Ticks
Acarina - mites: look like tiny spiders
Harvestmen: daddy longlegs
Arachnida: meta ovalis, meta menardi (europe); troglophile
Amblypigidae: typically tropical; highly adapted; big and ugly; make noise when they move
Insecta
Diplura; small, long antenna, lack wings
Thysanura (Bristletail): stay around entrances
Collembola: Springtail; highly specialized troglobions
Camel crickets (Ceuthophilus)
Parthenogenesis: method of reproducing in which males are not needed
Ovipositor: test soil for right makeup and injects eggs
Coleoptera: beetle (neophanops, pseudoanophthalmus, leptodirus hohenwarti); some feed on cricket eggs
Diptera: heleomyzidae, tipulidae (flies) |
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Term
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Definition
| terrestrial “cave visitors” ex. bats, bears, raccoons, some snakes, crickets |
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Term
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Definition
| aquatic “cave visitors” ex. crayfish, salamanders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| few external cues; still evolving; ex. some salamanders |
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Term
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Definition
| not supposed to be there; wander in by accident |
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Term
Cavernicoles
Life history characteristics |
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Definition
K strategies
Longer duration of phases of life history
Tendency to lose distinct reproductive cycles
Longevity |
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Term
Cavernicoles
Development of reproductive strategies |
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Definition
Low fecundity
Decrease in egg number
Reproduce less often
Increase in egg size |
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Term
| Troglobitic carvernicoles |
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Definition
Glow Worms: “fishing lines”; green/yellow glow, very bright; feed off adults
Mycetophilidae: little worms that zip along mucous lines
Millipedes
Isopods: imported; adapt well; “rolly pollies”
Urodela: plethodontidae; lizards/cave salamander, troglophiles
Snakes: ectotherms
Green frogs
Phoebes (flycatcher); bird
Ravens
Turkey vulture (Carthartes aura): typically caves in cliffs; stay near entrance/in twilight area
Chiroptera (bats): pipistrellus, myotis; make ceiling stains from oils on fur
Cave rats (Neotoma): like packrats - steal something, but bring something back |
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Term
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Definition
scientific study of caves
From Greek spelaion (cave) and logos (study) |
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Term
| Ancient Greeks of Mycenae |
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Definition
Myths tell of a cave as the birthplace of Zeus
Greek hell (Hades) lay below ground; ferryman Charon rowed souls across the river styx into a land of eternal suffering |
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Term
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Definition
more than 10,000 - 1,000,000 BP
Cave paintings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
in mountainous areas, steep slopes leading to flat valley, with an entrance at both ends underneath it; good for planting crops
In rainy season, underground area floods and eventually floods the entire polje |
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Term
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Definition
1669 - captain of merchant ship; math teacher; explored Pen Park Hole on the north side of Bristol, England
In cave for more than five hours, and “was troubled with an unusual and violent Head-ach, which I impute to my being in that Vault.” |
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Term
| Baron Johann Weichard Valvasor |
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Definition
Actively explored caves in Slovenia
An austrian, 1678 - 1689, his observations fully justify his recognition as the earliest true speleologist
First to study area systematically
Studied 70 caves
Thought that dragons inhabited caves because of the discovery of the “babies,” white salamanders they called “olms,” which were actually amphibians. |
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Term
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Definition
amphibians once thought to be baby dragons
Largest stygobion in the world
1768 - Joseph Nicolaus Laurenti formally described the salamander
Proteus - after Greek god… |
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Term
| Nicholas Thomas Bremontier |
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Definition
(french civil engineer)
1765 - surveyed Grotte de Miremont at Rouffignac
First really accurate plan map - 27 passage cross-sections |
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Term
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Definition
1781 - produced one of the earliest american plan cave maps - Madison’s Cave
1799 - A Memoir on the Discovery of Certain Bones of a Quadruped of the Clawed Kind - first American description of bones in a cave |
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Term
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Definition
1865, jan 27 - first photographs of caves
Blue Johns Caverns in Derbyshire, England - used magnesium wire |
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Term
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Definition
Ozarks
First specimen of a blind fish in America |
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Term
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Definition
| “lady geologist” from St. Joseph, Missouri |
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Term
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Definition
1850-1853
Early reputation as father of modern speleology
In the US 1806 - plan map of Madison’s Cave (recall Jefferson’s map)
1849 - began systematic study of caves in slovenia
1854 published the monograph “die grotten und hohlen von adelsberg, lueg, planina und laas” |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced classical classification of cave animals into three categories |
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Term
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Definition
Most famous of cave explorers of 19th century
Published widely but actually did little original |
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Term
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Definition
FATHER OF SPELEOLOGY
Work from 1888-1914+
Immense amount of original exploration - native france and most of europe
Mediterranean islands, russia, america
Techniques and equipment - folding canvas canoe
Surface pollution - subterranean pollution in karst areas/eater supplies
1890 - used “la grottologie” for scientific study of caves
Founder of
Systematic cave exploration
Scientific exploration
Use of telephones
French Societe de Speleologie
What set him apart
Meticulous preparations
Systematic recording of all aspects of caves
Tremendous physical ability
Incredible courage
Died in 1938 at age 78
Explored nearly 1500 caves
His technical innovations had become standard equipment for other cavers
Gave samples to Franz von Hohenwarth who sent them to naturalist Ferdinand Schmidt |
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Term
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Definition
1822 - described the cave salamander
Collected specimens near KY |
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Term
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Definition
| Described first cave fish as Amblophysis speleus - first troglo/stygobite in US |
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Term
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Definition
| an energetic association of european research |
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Term
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Definition
| 1907 - fauna of Mayfield’s cave, IN |
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Term
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Definition
| 1909 - book on cave vertebrates of america |
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Term
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Definition
Jan 30 - trapped in Sand Cave
Stuck 16 days |
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Term
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Definition
Fluorescein
Rhodamine
Optical brighteners
Bill Jones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| emerging stream- cuts through |
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Term
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Definition
| comes down through epikarst and flows out |
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Term
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Definition
Tectonic process
Processes associated with Biblical Flood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Usually limestone or other carbonate rock
Derived in Slovenia
German name for Kras, region in NW Slovenia, partially extending into Italy |
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Term
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Definition
| limited geographic distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| ice/glacier caves, lava tubes |
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Term
| Aquatic Subterranean Habitats |
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Definition
| Primary source: stream, mudbank - permanent |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the environment brought about by living organisms, particularly by plant life |
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Term
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Definition
| water from outside source |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reemerging water source (disappearing/reappearing stream) |
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Term
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Definition
| permeable; spaces between particles |
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Term
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Definition
| drove animals underground as they moved over the landscape |
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Term
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Definition
| fed by organic matter coming in from outside |
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Term
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Definition
CaCO3
stratified layers of organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| species that share specific traits (i.e. no eyes, lack of pigment, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| retreats into caves when dry; has pigment and eyes; leave caves by November |
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Term
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Definition
| orange, stripes (long-tail salamander) or speckles; has eyes; stays near cave entrance to feed on crickets |
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Term
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Definition
| rarely seen in caves because they are ectothermic (cold-blooded) |
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Term
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Definition
| use caves as nurseries; insectivorous - control pests; guano serves as base for food web |
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Term
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Definition
| endangered species; found in only eight caves in the world; hibernate in caves - are sensitive to disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| inland body of water connected to the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| study of cave-dwelling life - cavernicoles |
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Term
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Definition
Population growth curve J-shaped, S-shaped
Population growth = dN/dT = rN(K-N/K)
D=delta=change; r=biotic potential; K=carrying capacity; N=number of individuals; T=time
Late maturity
Low reproductive rate - to reproduce may be too expensive
Large size at hatching
Increased longevity |
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Term
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Definition
Strong reduction in or total absence of pigmentation
Reduced eyes
Attenuated appendages
Increase in tactile and chemical senses
Increase in metabolic economy
Increased number of adaptations to reduce desiccation
Development of paedomorphic forms
Reduction in various behavioral traits |
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Term
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Definition
Selected species
Rapid population growth - unstable |
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Term
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Definition
Descent with modification
Species arise from preexisting species
Gradual change in from and function |
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Term
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Definition
| exchanging genes over space and time |
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Term
| Differential reproduction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
evolution proceeds gradually with progressive change
Slow rate of speciation
Darwin |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution occurs in spurts |
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Term
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Definition
1795
Geological gradualism |
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Term
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Definition
| profound change on earth is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes |
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Term
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Definition
1809
Inheritance of acquired characteristics: use and disuse
Assumed acquired characters were inherited |
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Term
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Definition
1769-1832
Catastrophism
Boundaries between fossil strata correspond in time to catastrophic events- floods, drought
Destroy many species
Repopulate by immigration or by Special Creation |
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Term
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Definition
| species immutable - did not support concept of evolution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| top layer of limestone (subcutaneous zone) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 4th century BC – recognized cave but did not know how to explain them |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| erosive power of surface water |
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Term
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Definition
| strong believer in speleogenesis by stream action (vadose) |
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Term
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Definition
| elliptical – grows outwards longways |
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Term
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Definition
| downcutting “keyhole” shape |
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Term
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Definition
| maintained erosion alone sufficient to form caves |
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Term
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Definition
| believed a combo of both vadose and dissolution and erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| considered phreatic dissolution the principal factor |
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Term
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Definition
caves are formed by the action of flowing water either at or above the water table
infiltrating surface water is a vert aggressive and the aggressiveness is quickly lost as the water passes into the saturated zone
solution thus takes place most actively at the top of the saturated zone
water dissolves sinkhole drains, vertical shafts, and solution chimneys until it reaches the top of the saturated zone
turn and flow horizontally along fractures |
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Term
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Definition
solution takes place in the phreatic zone
upon reaching the water table, groundwater continues toward its outlet along flow lines that curve deeply into the phreatic zone
when regional uplift occurs, water table is lowered and gradually the upper levels of the cave become air-filled
at this stage dripstone deposits (speleothems) form |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow as opposed to deep |
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Term
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Definition
(1932): impressed by the observation that most cave passages are nearly horizontal and some seem to be stacked in levels
hypothesized that caves form in the interval between the high and low stands of the water table as it fluctuates between wet and dry seasons |
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Term
| Mixing Zone and Halocline caves |
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Definition
solution can occur by mixing waters saturated at different carbon dioxide partial pressures
this mixing corrosion provides another mechanism for bedrock dissolution deep within a limestone mass
mixture of carbonate saturated fresh water with arbonate saturated salt water prodices an undersaturated solution capable of further dissolution
cave development also takes place in the active mixing zone along the halocline in coastal karst
called mixing-zone, halocline, or flank-margin caves |
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Term
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Definition
| upwelling of deep source of thermal waters- quite different from caves formed from cold groundwater- often associated with ore deposits – large maze caves in the Black Hills of South Dakota |
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Term
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Definition
| one source o sulfuric acid is the oxidation of sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite, that occur dispersed in many carbonate rocks |
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