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Any deformity of the foot involving the talus |
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| How does foot direction change with age? |
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Definition
- In-toeing when baby
- Straight when toddler
- Slight out-toeing when child |
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Term
| What are the causes of in-toeing? |
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Definition
- Metatarsus adductus
- Excessive femoral anteversion
- Internal tibial torsion |
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| What is femoral torsion (version)? |
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Definition
| The angular difference between the transcondylar axis of the femur and the axis of the femoral neck |
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| Torsional changes of femur during development |
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Definition
- Infant: 35º anteversion
- 9 yo: 21º anteversion
- Adult: 15º anteversion |
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| Torsional changes of tibia during development |
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Definition
- Infant: 15º internal tibial torsion
- 3 yo: 5º external tibial torsion
- Adult: 10º external tibial torsion |
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| What is the shaft-neck angle of the femur in the frontal plane in infants and adults? |
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Definition
- Infant: 150º
- Adult: 125º |
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| What is the shaft-neck angle of the femur in coxa valgus and coxa varus? |
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- Coxa valgus: > 125º
- Coxa varus: < 125º |
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| Femur-tibia angle in the frontal plane during development |
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Definition
- Infant: Genu varus
- 18 months: Straight
- 3-4 years: Genu valgus
- 7 years: Straight |
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| Acute symptoms of slipped capital femoral epiphysis |
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Definition
- From significant trauma
- Severe pain and ROM limitations |
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| Chronic symptoms of slipped capital femoral epiphysis |
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Definition
- Limping, diffuse pain
- Increasing loss of hip abduction, internal rotation |
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| Incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis |
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Definition
- 0.7 to 3.4/100,000
- 2:1 males to females
- Associated with hormomal changes at puberty (10-15 year range) |
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| What muscle development occurs at 5 weeks? |
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Definition
- Primitive muscle fibers
- Longitudinal myofilaments begin to appear |
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| What muscle development occurs at 9 weeks? |
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Definition
- More myofilaments
- Nuclei central |
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| What muscle development occurs at 12 weeks? |
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Definition
- Neuromuscular junction
- Muscle spindles
- Muscle contraction |
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| What muscle development occurs at birth? |
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Definition
- Most fibers formed (some splitting may occur during first year) |
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| What muscle development occurs after birth? |
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Definition
- Fibers become larger in diameter
- Fibers become longer by adding sarcomeres |
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| What limb development occurs at 28 days? |
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Definition
- Limb buds emerge
- Derived from somatic mesoderm
- Apical ectoderma ridge induces growth and development of limb
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| What limb development occurs at 33 days? |
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Definition
- Differentiation of digits |
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| What causes malformation of limbs? |
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Definition
- Genetics
- Toxins (Thalidomide) |
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Term
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Definition
- The absence of any part of a limb |
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