1. Parametric

2. Non-parametric 

1. The data must be normally distributed 

2. The data must have homogeneity of variance between groups

Want to use because has higher power 

.05, bra.

-if probablility is less than .05, we have a statistically significant result. 

1. The error of accepting a result as representing reality when it does not.

2. The error of deciding that a result does not represent reality when it does (dont mind as much- prevent the journals from having too many false results) 

Study of a genome including

1.Content of Genetic information

ex. nucleotide sequence of a particular region of allele or DNA

2. Physical Structure of genetic information

ex. location of a locus on a chromosome

3. Function of genetic information

ex. role of locus in biology of lifeform 

Two or more loci are linked if they are on the same chromosomes

 1. linkage reduces the variability of the gametes (Demonstrate)

2. Amount of Linkage under evolutionary control

species has: 2 chromos- stable habitat

100's of chromos(fern) - variable habitat 

Any meiotic process that generates a haploid product with a genotype that differs from both haploid genotypes that constituted the meiotic diploid cell.

Caused by: 1.independent assortment

(demonstrate w/ sperm...hehe) 

2. Crossing over 

The actual exchange of homologous or nearly homologous pieces of DNA between two chromosomes. Enzymes break down dna and rejoin it.

Show crossing over increases variability of gametes. 

1.Loci not on same chromosome

2. They are so far apart we get 50% recombination 

Dominance is on one, recessive on the other

v+;c+

v;c

Repulsion

v+;c

v;c+ 

(coupling old term before linkage) 

1.Promote - once we've assembled all of the enzymes to break and rejoin DNA in one area, it might be easy to make a nearby crossover

2. Inhibit - Physicality of DNA prevents bending necessary for a crossover 

1- C.O.C.

(coefficient of coincidence) 

observed frequency of double mutants/ their expected frequency

(can find with map distance) 

Represents the products of a single meiosis that remain together

ex. yeasts, algea, basidospores (Basidiomycetes), and ascosproes in ascus (ascomycota)

Ascomycota – form tetrads (octads).  Sometimes after meiosis produces four haploid spores, you get an extra mitosis that will duplicate the spores and give you 8 spores.  This is called the sac fungi.  The octad is held in a sac called the ascus.  Instead of the mushroom shape, you get a cup shape.
Yeast → ascomycota.  Closely related to plants and animals.  Yeast haploid spores after meiosis are held in an ascus.
 

1. Study the result of an individual meiosis.

2.If linear(orderded), we can map loci w/ respect to centromere or eachother.

3. If non-linear/unordered, we can map loci w/ respect to eachother. 

1. Small size

2. Dominance does not hid recessive alleles.

(Examination of individual meioses in ordered asci also allows the mapping of loci w/ respect to the centromere) 

Essay: There is a Breakdown. The MII proportion reaches a theoretical maximum at 67%. Therefore, the distance between the loci and the centromere has a theoretical maximum of 33 mu.

1.Assume alleles are infinitely far apart

(Draw shit-ton of crossovers)

2. B/c of infinite distance, there are an inifinite # of meaningful crossovers.

3. New loci assort independently of the centromeres. (ascus test tube, drop in one allele at random)

(1/3 must drop to get 2 blocks of 2- MI meiosis)

(prob of making MII - 2/3=67%/2=33%=33mu