Term
| What are three reasons why carbon atoms are so important? |
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Definition
1. 4 valence electrons
2. can bond to other carbon atoms
3. can form long chains/rings of multiple covalent bonds |
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Term
| What is the difference between monomers and polymers? |
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Definition
| Monomers are single compounds, whereas polymers are joined molecules, which can make macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Meaning "giant molecules", they are formed by polymerization |
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Term
| What are the four groups of organic compounds (aka. biomolecules)? |
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Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic acids
4. Proteins |
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Term
| What are carbohydrates and what are they for? |
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Definition
| Carbs are compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. They are the main source of energy for living things and provide structural support |
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Term
| What is extra glucose (sugar) stored as? |
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Definition
| Complex carbohydrates, aka. starches |
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Term
| How do animals store extra glucose? |
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Definition
| As glycogen, aka. animal starch |
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Term
| What are monosacchirides? |
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Definition
| Single sugar molecules which have galactose (milk sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar) |
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Term
| What are polysacchirides? |
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Definition
| Large macromolecules formed from monosacchirides |
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Term
| What important polysacchiride do plants make? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are lipids and what are they for? |
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Definition
| Lipids are made of carbon and hydrogen, and aren't soluble in water. They can be used to store energy as well as form a waterproof membrane over plants and animals. |
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Term
| Name four common examples of lipids. |
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Definition
1. waxes
2. oils
3. fats
4. steroids - chemical messengers |
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Term
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Definition
| When glycerol combines with fatty acids. |
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Term
| How is the term "saturated" used to describe a lipid? |
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Definition
| When a lipid contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. In other words, if each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom in a single bond. |
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Term
| How is the term "unsaturated" used to describe a lipid? |
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Definition
| When a liquid is at room temperature. If one carbon-carbon has a double bond, then the term is used. |
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Term
| What are nucleic acids, and what are they for? |
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Definition
| Formed from nucleotides, and made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur. They store and transmit hereditary information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of three parts: 5-carbon sugar chain, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
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Term
| What type of bond joins nucleotides to form nucleic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two nucleic acids? |
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Definition
1. RNA (ribonucleic acid): contains sugar ribose
2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): contains sugar deoxyribose) |
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Term
| What are proteins, and what are they for? |
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Definition
| Formed from amino acids, and made of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can perform three different jobs: control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, form bones and muscle, and transport substances which prevent disease. |
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Term
| What are amino acids and how many are found in nature? |
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Definition
Over 20 amino acids found in nature. Amino acids always consist of three groups:
1. amino group (-NH2)
2. carboxyl group (-COOH)
3. R-group (basic/acidic, this group is what differentiates the different amino acids) |
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Term
| What are the four levels in protein structure, and what helps maintain that shape? |
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Definition
1. amino acid chains
2. these chains are twisted and folded
3. the chain itself is folded
4. if the protein has more than one chain, there is a specific order as to how it's laid out. Van der Waals forces help keep the hydrogen bonds together. |
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