Term
| what is blood and what are the 2 things it contains? |
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Definition
its a connective tissue
it contains a nonliving liquid matrix (plasma) and formed elements (cells) |
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Term
| what % of blood is plasma? what % of plasma is water? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 6 things comprise the leftover 10% of plasma? |
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Definition
1. inorganic ions - minerals as a whole
2. plasma proteins (albumins - tonicity, globulins - immune response, fibrinogen - clotting)
3. nutrients from the SI (monomers)
4. waste products
5. hormones
6. disolved gases (O2, CO2, N2) in vertebrates only |
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Term
| what is a Erythrocyte? what does it do/hold? |
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Definition
red blood cell
contains hemoglobin that carries tons of O2 |
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Term
| what is the shape of Erythrocytes in mammals vs other animals? why? |
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Definition
shaped like a donut - are anucleated (lose nucleus over time) and don't have ribosomes
just happened to evolve this way, evolution isn't necessarily a perfecting mechanism |
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Term
| what are Leukocytes? what do they do and how do they move into tissue where blood does not flow? |
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Definition
white blood cells
garbage collectors of the cell world - engulf dead cells bacteria and viruses - called phagocytosis
they move by pseudopodia |
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Term
| what are the 5 types of white blood cells? which is the most common? |
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Definition
basophil
neutrophil - most common
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte |
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Term
| what is the historical significance of white blood cells? |
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Definition
| meishler studied pus in bandages and found substance that looked like a protein but had a phosphate group - called it nuclein |
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Term
| what is a thrombocyte/platelet and when is which name used? why are they considered true cells? |
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Definition
functions to aide in clotting
only called platelets in humans, thrombocytes in everything else
considered true cells because they once had all of their cell parts |
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Term
| what do all 3 blood cell types come from? |
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Definition
| cell called HSC - Hepatopoietic Stem Cells |
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Term
| what can Hepatopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) grow to become? how is that related to one of the cell types? |
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Definition
Megakaryocyte
when it gets too big, it fragments into platelets |
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Term
| what is the full cycle of vertebrate blood vessels? |
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Definition
| artery to arteriole to capillaries to venuole to vein |
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Term
| what is the definition of an artery? vein? |
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Definition
artery carries blood away from the heart
vein carries blood to the heart |
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Term
| why are arteries so thick, muscular and elastic? |
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Definition
| to deal with all of the pressure from the heart |
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Term
| what does the muscle of the arteries allow for? |
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Definition
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
this allows the arteries to control where the blood is directed most heavily |
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Term
| why don't penguins' feet stick to the ice when they get out of the water? |
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Definition
| their feet are very vasoconstrictor, so they are cold |
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Term
| how are capillaries thin/moist/large? |
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Definition
thin - only 1 cell layer thick (endothelium) covered by a basement membrane
moist - invagination (bathed in blood)
large - very abundant |
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Term
| what are the tiny holes in the capillary called? what goes out? what stays in? what comes back in? |
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Definition
Fenestrae
shoots out gases, ions, nutrients and hormones
comes back in CO2, waste |
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Term
| how does all of the "stuff" shot out through the fenestrae come back into the capillaries? |
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Definition
| negative pressure, and the capillaries are then hypertonic to the fluid (hypertonic because full of the protein albumin) |
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Term
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Definition
| carries blood back to the heart |
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Term
| why don't veins have to be as thick walled? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are valves located and what is their purpose? |
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Definition
in veins
they keep blood from having back flow due to negative pressure |
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Term
| what compounds are carried where in blood? |
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Definition
| most are carried in plasma, except gases which are carried in red blood cells (O2 is hemoglobin) |
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Term
| why does O2 have to be carried by hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| the solubility is too low - not enough O2 would be carried if only transported by plasma through simple diffusion |
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Term
| what kind of protein is hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many O2 molecules can every HB protein hold? why? |
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Definition
4
each chain encloses a heme group that contains Fe and combine with an O2 molecule |
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Term
| what are the 2 O2 formulas for GE? |
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Definition
Hb + O2 --> HbO2
HbO2 --> Hb + O2 |
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Term
| where is the most CO2 carried? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 CO2 formulas for GE? |
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Definition
H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3
HCO3 + H+ --> H2CO3 --> H2o + CO2 |
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Term
how many chambers are there in singular circulation?
what kind of blood is in the heart of a single circulatory system? |
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Definition
2 (ventril and atrium)
deoxygenated |
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Term
| what are the 2 circulations and where do they occur? |
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Definition
gill circulation is the countercurrent exchange
systemic circulation is through the body |
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Term
| when do the vessels become veins in the single circulatory system? |
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Definition
| after GE happens in the systemic capillaries |
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Term
| what enzyme aides in the conversion of carbonic acid to HCO3 and H+? what does this process resemble? |
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Definition
carbonic anhydrase
resembles the cation exchange |
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