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1st Semester Final Vocab Words
Vocab Words
79
Geography
9th Grade
01/16/2012

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Term
Geography
Definition
The study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other
Term
Ring of Fire
Definition
A circle of volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean
Term
Weathering
Definition
The breakdown of rock at or near the earth’s surface into smaller and smaller pieces
Term
Mechanical Weathering
Definition
When rock is actually broken or weakened physically
Term
Chemical Weathering
Definition
The process alters a rock’s chemical makeup by changing the minerals that form the rock or combining them with a new chemical element
Term
Acid Rain
Definition
Chemicals in the polluted air combine with water vapor and fall back to earth
Term
Erosion
Definition
The movement of weathered materials such as gravel, soil, and sand
Term
Weather
Definition
The condition of the bottom layer of the earth’s atmosphere in one place over a short period of time
Term
Climate
Definition
The term for the earth patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time
Term
London
Definition
The capital city of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Term
Brasilia
Definition
The capital city of Brazil
Term
Quebec
Definition
The largest of Canada's provinces
Term
Berlin
Definition
The capital city of Germany
Term
Revolution
Definition
One complete orbit of the earth around the sun
Term
Precipitation
Definition
All the forms of water that fall to earth from the atmosphere
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
Formed by the interaction of plant life, animal life, and the physical environment in which they live
Term
Permafrost
Definition
A layer of soil in the parts of the tundra just below the surface that stay permanently frozen
Term
Culture
Definition
The beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life
Term
Population Density
Definition
The average umber of people in a square mile or a square kilometer
Term
Birthrate
Definition
The number of live births each year per 1,000 people
Term
Immigrant
Definition
People who move into a country
Term
Emigrant
Definition
People who leave a country to live in other places
Term
Urbanization
Definition
The growth of city populations
Term
Rural
Definition
Countryside
Term
Culture Hearth
Definition
A place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures
Term
Cultural Convergence
Definition
Occurs when the skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture
Term
Cultural Divergence
Definition
The restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences
Term
Authoritarian
Definition
Descriptive of a system of government in which the leaders hold all political power
Term
Dictatorship
Definition
A system of government in which absolute power is held by a small group or one person
Term
Totalitarianism
Definition
A system of government in which a central authority controls all aspects of society
Term
Monarchy
Definition
A system of authoritarian government headed by a monarch whose position is usually inherited
Term
Democracy
Definition
A system of government in which the people are invested with the power to choose their leaders and determine government policy
Term
Traditional Economy
Definition
An economic system in which families produce goods and services for their own use
Term
Market Economy
Definition
An economic system that gives great freedom to individuals and groups
Term
Command Economy
Definition
When an economic system is controlled by a single, central government
Term
Natural Resource
Definition
Materials in the natural environment that people value and use to satisfy their needs
Term
Fossil Fuel
Definition
Any one of several nonrenewable mineral resources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals and used for fuel
Term
Water Power
Definition
Uses the energy of falling water to move machinery or generate electricity
Term
Geothermal Energy
Definition
Energy that comes from the earth's internal heat
Term
Primary Economic Activities
Definition
Those economic activities that rely directly upon natural resources such as mining or fishing
Term
Secondary Economic Activities
Definition
When people use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value
Term
Tertiary Economic Activities
Definition
An economic activity in which people pursue activities that serve others such as service industries
Term
Quaternary Economic Activities
Definition
An economic activity that focuses on the acquisition, processing, and sharing of information, such as education or research
Term
Commercial Farming
Definition
The production of food and other agricultural products for sale in markets
Term
Gross National Product
Definition
The total value of a nation's output of goods and services
Term
Canal
Definition
Artificial waterways
Term
Telecommunication
Definition
Communication by electronic means
Term
Free Enterprise
Definition
Economic system based on capitalism
Term
Megalopolis
Definition
The area from Boston to Washington DC
Term
Sunbelt
Definition
The band of southern states from the carolinas to southern California
Term
Aqueduct
Definition
Large pipes that carry water over long distances
Term
Province
Definition
A territory governed as a political division of a country
Term
Separatism
Definition
A movement to win political, religious, or ethnic independence from another group
Term
NAFTA
Definition
North American Free Trade Agreement, which phased out trade barriers among the United States, Canada and Mexico
Term
Favela
Definition
Slum communities in Brazil
Term
Gasohol
Definition
An alcohol-based fuel which is a max of gasoline and ethanol
Term
Deforestation
Definition
The permanent removal of woodland
Term
Ecotourism
Definition
Tourism that encourages environmental awareness and has little effect on the ecosystem
Term
Cordillera
Definition
A related set of separate mountain ranges
Term
Campesino
Definition
In Latin America, a tenant farmer or farm worker
Term
Peat
Definition
A spongy material containing waterlogged mosses and plants
Term
Blight
Definition
Plant disease
Term
Fjord
Definition
Flooded glacial valleys
Term
Impressionism
Definition
A style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows
Term
Nationalize
Definition
Brought under state control
Term
Recession
Definition
An extended decline in business activity
Term
Reparation
Definition
Money paid for war damages
Term
Inflation
Definition
Sharply rising prices
Term
Dike
Definition
Embankments of earth and rock built to hold back water
Term
Decentralize
Definition
To transfer government power to smaller regions
Term
Neutral
Definition
Not taking sides in a war
Term
Perishable good
Definition
A product that does not stay fresh for long
Term
Strip mining
Definition
When miners strip away the surface of earth to lay bare the mineral deposits
Term
Navigable
Definition
Deep and wide enough to allow ships to pass
Term
Dry Farming
Definition
A farming technique that leaves land unplanted every few years in order to gather moisture
Term
Hub
Definition
A central point of concentrated activity and influence
Term
Seismic Activity
Definition
Has many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
Term
Renaissance
Definition
The revival of art, literature, and learning that took place in Europe during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries
Term
Five themes of Geography
Definition
Location, Place, Regions, Movement, and Human-Environment Interactions
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