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| The Freedmen’s Bureau assisted ex-slaves and refugees in adjusting to socio-economic changes |
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| Who Andrew Johnson represented and His presedential plan |
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| Radical Republicans- Johnson’s (Presidential) Plan: Restored property rights (except for slaves) to Southerners who swore an oath of loyalty to Union. Wealthy southerners could petition for a pardon |
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| Guaranteed all citizens equality before the law Strengthened the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Guaranteed “due process of the law” Johnson’s opposition to this would further isolate him from Radical Republicans |
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| Radical Republicans from the souths needed to.. |
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| The South must recognize the consequences of its defeat! Freedmen must gain the right to vote! Strengthen Republican party in the South |
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| The Impeachment of Johnson |
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| Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act to weaken the powers of President Johnson. When he violated this act, he was impeached… …but not convicted! |
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| Carpetbaggers were Northerners who ventured to the South |
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| Scalawags were Southerners who supported the Republican party |
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| Southern Democrats and political power |
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| Southern Democrats realized they could regain political power by manipulating racial tensions! |
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| Originally a social club, would quickly begin to use terror against its opponents. The Klan used terror to keep blacks from voting The US Congress would pass anti-Klan legislation |
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| The Era of the New South was characterized by |
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| a continuance of rural poverty and racial divisiveness |
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| The Grange and Populism supports |
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| The Populist Party supported Direct election of US Senators Legislation to make credit more available to farmers Government regulation of railroads |
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| He supported an alliance of poor white and black farmers as a way to fight the power of wealthy southern landowners and to gain a better way of life for the rural poor. |
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| Plessy v. Ferguson & Jim Crow |
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| In this case, the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation on railroad cars was constitutional if facilities were equal and that laws could not change racial instincts This decision would lead to even more “Jim Crow Laws” that would establish segregation throughout the South. |
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| Booker T. Washington- compromise |
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| In his Atlanta Compromise address, Washington urged blacks to accommodate themselves to segregation and push for economic and educational opportunities instead. |
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| A time period 1870 – 1900 when worship of wealth existed alongside tremendous social divisions. |
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| Inventors and Inventions- gilded age |
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| The Gilded Age was a time in which American inventiveness and technological prowess soared! |
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| Horizontal Integration-example |
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| JD Rockefeller was one industrialist who bought out competitors so that his company, Standard Oil, would practically monopolize the oil refining industry. |
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| As America industrialized and corporations appeared, the nature of work changed. Workers no longer controlled the conditions and nature of work |
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| The Settlement House Movement |
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| Social reformers wanted to help the poor by providing education and social services |
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| His take on the Gospel of Wealth differed in that he felt the wealthy had an obligation to return some of the wealth to help working class neighborhoods |
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most capable survive least capable die
societies evolove from lower to higher forms
wrong to interfere
Conditions in human society are determined by the laws of nature |
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| The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor |
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| The Knights of Labor was open to all workers, while the American Federation of Labor was limited to skilled workers ergo the AFL was a craft union |
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| In the late 19th century, the pattern of immigration to the United States began to change. Instead of northern and western Europeans, America was experiencing an influx of southern and eastern Europeans as well as immigrants from Asia and Latin America |
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| Scientific racism viewed other races as being born inferior to Anglo Saxons (NW European) and believers of this favored immigration restriction and were not inclined to assist those of other races. |
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| The Growth of Cities in the Late 19th Century |
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| Migration from the farms and immigration from foreign lands helped to fuel the growth of American cities |
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| The Devastation of the Plains Indians |
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| European settlers systematically displaced Native American peoples through varying combinations of warfare, the signing of treaties (of which the Natives may not have fully understood the consequences at times), forced relocations to barren lands, destruction of their main food supply -- such as the bison -- and the spread of European disease, notably smallpox. |
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| The killings of 200 Sioux men, women and children marked the end of the wars between Native Americans and US Troops |
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| Dawes Severalty Act (1887) |
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Definition
| Intended to “Americanize the Indian” instead ended up further destroying Native American culture and resulted in loss of over one-half of Indian lands to whites. |
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Term
Women’s Christian
Temperance Union |
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Definition
| Campaigned for restrictive liquor laws Sought to strengthen laws against rape, improved health conditions and workplace and housing reforms |
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Term
| The Spoils System aka Patronage |
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Definition
Victorious politicians awarded government jobs to party workers, with little regard for expertise, and removed the previous employees.
Allowed party leaders to strengthen the organization, reward loyal party service and attract political workers. |
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Definition
| The Pendleton Act began the move towards separating partisan politics from attaining government jobs. |
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| Federal Regulation Begins |
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Definition
The Interstate Commerce Commission was the first regulatory agency but although the public called for regulating the RR industry, its powers were too limited to be effective against the railroad industry.
Intended to prevent any combination in restraint of trade, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was weakened by the courts and seldom enforced |
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| Role of the Supreme Court |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court was extremely conservative during this time and supported close ties between business and government. |
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Definition
| Public outrage against working conditions peaks with the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in which 146 women are killed |
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| “Old Stock” Americans often considered Catholic and Jewish newcomers a threat to social stability |
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Definition
Urged an application of Christian ethics to social and economic problems.
Many churches empathized with worker’s struggles
Encouraged different Protestant denominations to work together to achieve social justice |
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| Journalists who raised public consciousness of social problems such as: business abuses, ¨dangerous working conditions, and ¨miseries of slum life |
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Definition
John Dewey led the charge
Compulsory school attendance, kindergartens, age-graded-elementary schools, professional training for teachers, vocational education, PTAs, and school nurses became the norm (except in the South)
Jacob Riis was especially enamored with kindergarten |
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Definition
Social workers saw liquor as cause of crime, poverty and family violence
Employers saw it as detrimental to the workplace
The 18th Amendment, passed in 1919, made prohibition the law of the land |
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Definition
| Led by Carrie Chapman Catt, new activist tactics were adopted such as parades, mass meetings and political lobbyingThe 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, would FINALLY give women the right to vote |
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| 17th Amendment and recall |
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Definition
17th Amendment allows for direct election of US Senators
A recall allows voters to remove unsatisfactory public officials from office |
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Definition
TR led the charge in conserving our natural resources through efficient and scientific management
Appointed Gifford Pinchot as head of Forest Service |
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Definition
TR favored regulating trusts to protect the public interest.
“Bad Trusts” vs. “Good Trusts”. He would sue the bad trusts such as JP Morgan’s Northern Securities Company.
He saw the presidency as a mediator between labor and management |
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Definition
Unfortunately for Taft, he was no TR.
The GOP splits between the Progressive wing and the Conservative wing and Taft cannot handle the crisis |
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Term
| New Nationalism vs. New Freedom |
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Definition
| The 1912 election features a debate between Theodore Roosevelt’s New Nationalism and Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom. ¨Wilson wants to break up all trusts. Criticizes TR’s “regulated monopoly”. |
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Term
| The US declared war on Spain |
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Definition
| 1898 partly as a result of sensationalism as demonstrated by the “Yellow Press” of the day! |
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| Popular anger against Spain was also ignited |
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Definition
| by the mysterious explosion of the USS Maine outside of Havana, Cuba in Feb 1898 |
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Term
| The United States joined the nations of Europe and the Empire of Japan in contesting for |
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Definition
| “spheres of influence” in China. |
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Term
| The US would send the military into where during the presidencies of TR and Taft. |
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Definition
| Philippines, Nicaragua, and Panama |
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Term
| Although he campaigned against using the military to intervene in ______ Wilson would send the army to ____ |
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Definition
| Latin America, Mexico during the Mexican Revolution |
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| The Zimmerman note offered Mexico territory in the SW USA in return for Mexico’s helping the Central Powers in the Great War. |
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| The War Industries Board, headed up by Bernard Baruch, exercised unprecedented control over America’s economy. It was the most important wartime agency. |
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Definition
Women would enter the work force in greater numbers during the war.
The 18th (Prohibition) and 19th (Women’s Suffrage) Amendments would be ratified partly as a result of women supporting the war effort! |
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Term
| African Americans and the Great War |
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Definition
African Americans enlisted in the war effort in record numbers.
The Great Migration saw many blacks leaving the South for Northern cities where they would face discrimination
Many black women would enter domestic and clerical occupations |
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Definition
| During the war, Americans were taught to fear the Germans and civil liberties were suppressed in an effort to garner support for the war effort. nThe Espionage Act was used to arrest members of the anti-war movement |
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Definition
Americans were scared by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the acts of a few lunatics in the US.
Hatred against all things German, now often became hatred against all things foreign or radical |
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Term
The Fight over the
League of Nations |
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Definition
Following a bruising battle, the League of Nations treaty (aka Treaty of Versailles) was rejected by the US Senate!
The US would sign a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921 |
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| The Worst New Weapon of the Great War…… |
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Definition
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The 1920s:
Innovations in American Industry |
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Definition
Mass production using the moving assembly line spread throughout American industry as the ideas of Frederick Taylor were implemented
Standardized parts helped increase production of automobiles |
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Term
| The Harding Administration |
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Definition
Harding’s Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon pressed for tax cuts on the rich.
Harding appointed pro-business judges to the US Supreme Court
But his administration was plagued by corruption (e.g. The Teapot Dome Scandal |
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Term
| The Great Migration would lead to |
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Definition
…new expressions of racial pride
some of the greatest literature, music, and visual art of the era
…increased voter participation by blacks in northern cities |
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Term
| Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association |
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Definition
| Marcus Garvey preached a “back to Africa” solution to African Americans. |
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Term
| The 1920’s saw consumerism emerge as a major foundation of the national economy Industrial profits would increase for most of the decade |
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Definition
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The 1920s:
The Advertising Industry |
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Definition
Consumers were aggressively pursued by the newly emerging advertising industry
Buy now, pay later led to a new American behavior: Installment buying and debt! |
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Term
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Definition
The KKK was based on racism and fear of social change.
WASPs only need apply
A dramatic increase in membership would be met with an equally dramatic decrease as charges of corruption and criminality emerged. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prohibition was supported by Protestant leaders, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, and fundamentalists…. |
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Term
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Definition
| This trial pitted modernists against fundamentalist Christians over the issue of teaching evolution in the public schools |
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Term
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Definition
| The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following: ¨No enforcement mechanism was provided for changing the behavior of warring signatories. ¨The agreement was interpreted by most of the signatories to permit “defensive” war. nDespite these shortcomings, the pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations. In the following months, more than 60 countries joined in this renunciation of war |
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