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Definition
| an organism that is capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy. |
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| its the total mass of living organisms living in an area |
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| maximum number of individuals of a population a given area can support |
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| several populations of organisms living together in a given area |
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| organism that feeds on other organisms |
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| organism that breaks down organic materials like plants and animals |
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| collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment |
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| the area where an organism lives, includes the biotic and abiotic factors |
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Definition
| group of individuals of the same species |
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| also known as an autotroph, an organism that is capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy.producer |
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| group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring |
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| also known as a consumer, organism that obtains energy from the food it eats |
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Definition
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| What could decrease a population size? |
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Definition
| A decrease birthrate, increase in deathrate, an increase in emigration, a decrease in immigration. |
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Definition
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| What factors can increase a populations size? |
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Definition
| An increase in birthrate, decrease in deathrate, an increase in immigration, and a decrease in emigration. |
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| What happends when a population exceeds its carrying capticity? |
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Definition
| When a population exceeds its carrying capacity, the environment in which the population lives will no longer support the population and the population will eventually die off. |
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| What are Limiting Factors? |
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Definition
| Limiting factors are any factors that can cause the growth of a population to decrease, examples include competition, disease, and predation. |
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| What are the steps of the scientific method? |
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Definition
Introduction (question, hypothesis)
Procedure (materials, identification of variables, detailed step-by-step procedure)
Data
Data Analysis
Conclusions |
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| Define and give an example of an Element |
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Definition
| a substance consisting entirely of one type of atom. An example of an element is Carbon, or Nitrogen, or Oxygen |
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| Define and give an example of an Element |
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Definition
| a substance consisting entirely of one type of atom. An example of an element is Carbon, or Nitrogen, or Oxygen |
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| Define and give an example of Molecules |
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Definition
| smallest unit of most compounds- an example is a water molecule which includes two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. |
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| Define and give an example of Compounds |
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Definition
| is any substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. |
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Definition
| An ionic bond occurs when electrons are transferred from on atom to another. |
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Definition
| This rule means that the first electron orbital in an atom can take 2 electrons, the second orbital can hold 8 electrons, and the third orbital can hold up to 8 electrons |
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| What does atomic mass represent? |
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Definition
| Atomic mass represents the number of protons and neutrons found in an atom. |
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| What does the automic number represent? |
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Definition
| Atomic number charge represents the number of protons in an atom (you can also determine the number of electrons from this number) |
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| What are protons, electrons and neutrons |
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Definition
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Definition
| A covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared between atoms |
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| Identify the reactants and products for the following chemical reaction: Na + HCl → NaCl + H2 |
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Definition
| Reactants: Na and HCl Products: NaCl and H2 |
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| Why are water molecules polar? Draw a water molecule and label the positive and negative poles. What is a hydrogen bond? Be able to explain how a water molecule is polar and how water molecules are attached |
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Definition
| Water molecules are polar because of the way the hydrogen atoms bond with the oxygen atom forming an asymmetrical molecule. The Oxygen atom pulls the electrons more toward its side of the molecule making the oxygen side of the molecule more negative (negative pole) while the Hydrogen side of the molecule more positive (positive pole). |
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Definition
| A hydrogen bond is a weak bond that occurs because of the attraction between the negative pole of one water molecule and the positive pole of another water molecule. |
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Term
What is a synthesis reaction? Which of the following reactions shows a synthesis reaction?
2H2 + O2 2 H2O or 2 H2O 2H2 + O2 |
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Definition
| A synthesis reaction occurs when two reactants combine to form one product and water. The first reaction above shows a synthesis reaction. In the case of dehydration synthesis, this occurs when a glucose and fructose molecule react to form sucrose and a water molecule. |
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Term
What is a decomposition reaction? Which of the following reactions shows a decomposition reaction?
2H2 + O2 2 H2O or 2 H2O 2H2 + O2 |
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Definition
| A decomposition reaction occurs when one reactant is broken down into two products. The second reaction above shows a decomposition reaction. In the case of hydrolysis which is a type of decomposition reaction, sucrose reacts with water to form glucose and fructose. |
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Term
| is a catalyst? What is an enzyme? How do enzymes work on chemical reactions? |
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Definition
| A catalyst is any substance that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Enzymes act on chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy that are needed for a chemical reaction to occur. |
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Term
| How is enzyme catalysis like a LOCK and KEY? Draw the lock and key model of enzyme catalysis. |
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Definition
| With enzyme catalysis the enzyme acts as the lock into which the substrate (key) fits into. |
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Term
| What are the four different macromolecules? What molecules (monomers) make these four macromolecules (polymers). |
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Definition
-AMINO ACIDS—PROTEINS
-MONOSACCHARIDES (SUGARS)—CARBOHYDRATES
-FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL—LIPIDS
-NUCLEOTIDES – NUCLEIC ACIDS |
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Term
| What are the structures and functions of: CARBOHYDRATES |
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Definition
Living things use carbohydrtaes as their main source of energy and structual purposes.
Elements needed: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Building block name:Mo no sacc harides
Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose |
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Term
| What are the structures and functions of: Lipids |
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Definition
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important in biological membranes like cell membranes.
Elements needed: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Building block name: fatty acids and glycerol
names of examples: Choloresterol |
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Term
| What are the structures and functions of: PROTIENS |
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Definition
Protiens controls the rates of reacations (enzymes like catalyse)and regulate cell processes. They form bones, muscles,transport substances in and out of cells, and help fight disease.
Elements needed: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
Building block: Amino Acids
Examples: Catalase (enzyme) |
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Term
| What determines pH? If I have more OH- ions then H+ ions, is my solution acidic or basic? |
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Definition
| The ratio of OH- ions to H+ ions determines pH. If you have more OH- ions then the solution is basic, if there are more H+ ions the solution is acidic |
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Term
| Balance the following chemical reaction: Na + HCl → NaCl + H2 |
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Definition
| 2 Na + 2 HCl → 2 NaCl + 1 H2 |
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Term
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Definition
form of passive transport in which small materials move from where they
have a high concentration [X] to where they have a low concentration [X] through tiny
pores in the cell membrane until EQUILIBRIUM is reached. No special proteins and no
energy are required for these materials to move across the membrane. Small gases like
oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported this wa |
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Term
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Definition
form of passive transport in which movement of water particles to where water has
high concentration [water] (which means that solute concentration is low, to where water
has low concentration [water] (which means that solute concentration is high). Requires
no special proteins and no energy. |
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Term
| facilitated diffusion (protein channels) |
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Definition
form of passive transport that uses a protein channel
to move materials that are too large to pass between the phospholipids in the cell
membrane from high concentration to low concentration. Requires no energy. |
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Term
| Active Transport (protien pumps) |
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Definition
Occurs when particles need to move from low concentration
to high concentration ( “uphill” ), requires energy, carried out by special proteins, also
used to move really large particles. |
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Term
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Definition
form of active transport by which the cell directs secretory vesicles to the cell
membrane to get rid of materials in large quantity. Usually used to expel cell wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
form of active transport by which cells absorb materials from outside the cell by
engulfing the particles with their cell membrane. |
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Definition
| Cells engulfing solid particles "eating" |
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Definition
| cell engulfs liquid particles "drinking" |
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Definition
| structure within the nucleus that contains the genetic information for the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and therefore determines a trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a number of different forms of a gene (for example a particular gene may code for earlobe attachment, one allele codes for attached earlobes and the other allele codes for non-attached earlobes). |
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Term
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Definition
| allele, or form of a gene, that is shown in the phenotype masking the recessive allele. |
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Term
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Definition
| allele, or form of a gene, that will only show in the phenotype when two recessive alleles are present (organism is homozygous recessive for that trait). |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait (an organism can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive). |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an organism that has two different alleles for a particular trait. |
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Definition
| genetic makeup of an organism |
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Definition
| physical characteristics of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a cell that only contains a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (for example in humans there are 23 pairs of chromosomes so their haploid number is 23). |
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Definition
| refers to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes (in humans this number is 46) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to chromosomes that each have a corresponding from the opposite-sex parent (i.e. you get one chromosome 1 from mom and one chromosome 1 from dad). |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a gene at one location on a chromosome affects the phenotypic expression of a gene at another location (for example... say that the dominant form of Gene A codes for black coat color in dogs and the recessive allele (a) codes for brown coat color. While the dominant form of Gene B codes for coat coloration and the recessive form (b) codes for no coat coloration. If an individual is homozygous recessive for coat coloration then the dog will have no coat coloration. Gene B therefore affects the phenotypic expression of Gene A.) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when one gene results in multiple phenotypic expressions (for example a particular gene might code for hair color and also affect height) |
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Definition
| situation in which two or more alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism. (Blood type AB is an example of codominance) |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which the dominant allele is not completely dominant over the recessive allele resulting in a blending of the two phenotypes in the heterozygous individuals. (For example in snapdragons red is dominant over the recessive white snapdragon flower, the heterozygous individual is pink in coloration.) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when there are three or more alleles for a single gene (an example is blood type in which you have the A allele, B allele, and O allele. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are physical traits that are determined by more than one gene (examples include hair color, eye color, skin color, and height in humans) |
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Term
| What is the principle of Segregation? |
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Definition
| According to the principle of segregation, for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele passes from each parent on to an offspring. The alleles of each parent segregate (separate) during meiosis. |
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Term
| What is the principle of independent assortment? |
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Definition
| According to the Principle of independent assortment there is independent separation of genes during the formation of gametes (i.e. if you inherit the gene for brown eye color from mom you won’t necessarily also inherit her gene for hair color, because the gene separate independently) |
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Term
| Describe how ABO blood groups are an example of codominance and multiple alleles (344-345) |
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Definition
| Blood type shows codominance because when you have the A allele and the B allele the phenotype that results is the AB blood type. The A allele and the B allele are both dominant. Blood type shows multiple alleles because there are three alleles for blood type; the A allele, the B allele, and the O allele. |
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Term
| Why can a female be a carrier for X-linked genetic diseases but a man cannot? |
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Definition
| Men only have one X chromosome so with X-linked diseases they either have the disease or do not have the disease, they cannot be heterozygous for X-linked genetic diseases. Females have 2 X chromosomes so they can be heterozygous for a trait and therefore be a carrier for diseases while not having the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A karyotype is a picture of the chromosomes of an organism. |
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Term
| What can you determine from a karyotype? |
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Definition
| Karyotypes can be used to see if individuals have missing or extra chromosomes or to see if there are any visible chromosome abnormalities like a shortened arm. |
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Term
| Hoe are karyotypes arranged? |
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Definition
| Karyotypes are arranged by homologues. Autosomes are first from longest to shortest. The sex chromosomes are last |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Meosis? |
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Definition
| The purpose of meiosis is to create 4 different gametes (sex cells) |
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Term
| What is the difference between Meosis I and Meosis II? |
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Definition
| In meiosis I homologous pairs separate, in Meiosis II sister chromatids separate |
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Term
| . Where does crossing over occur? What is the purpose of crossing over? What is the point of crossing over called? |
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Definition
| Crossing over occurs in Prophase I and the purpose of crossing over is to increase the amount of genetic variability among gametes that are produced. The chiasma is the point where crossing over occurs. |
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Term
| What is gel electrophoresis? On what basis does gel electrophoresis separate molecules? If I have a stretch of DNA that is longer than another stretch of DNA, which piece of DNA will migrate farther on your gel? |
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Definition
Gel electrophoresis is a technique for separating protein molecules of varying sizes in a mixture by moving them through a block of gel, as of agarose or polyacrylamide, by means of an electric field, with smaller molecules moving faster and therefore farther than larger ones.
Gel electrophoresis separates molecules based on size, charge, and shape
A stretch of DNA that is longer than another stretch of DNA will not migrate as far. (see image below)
On the diagram below a is the longest piece of DNA, b has the next second longest, and c is the shortest piece of DNA. |
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