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Definition
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Definition
| Enclosed in a double membrane, DNA = macromolecule located inside of it, communicates with the cytosol through nuclear pores. |
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Definition
| Produces ribosomes, which move into the rough ER. |
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Definition
| The 'soup' within which all other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs, mostly made of water. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Also known as MTOC, involved in animal cell division. |
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Definition
| Made up of fused microtubules, pairs of centrioles arranged perpendicularly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of a single membrane, its purpose is to package macromolecules, contents of these vesicles come from membrane-bound vesicles at the periphery of the Golgi apparatus. |
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Definition
| Contain hydrolytic enzymes, cell death can occur if contents of lysosomes 'spill' out into cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| Responsible for packaging cell secretions. |
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Definition
| Mostly made up of phospholipids, proteins located in the membrane include receptors for odor and hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides cell with energy, considered the 'power center' of the cell, bacteria sized, inner membrane called cristae, lots of folding to increase surface area, the reactants of the reaction performed on the surface of the cristae are sugar and oxygen, the porduct is ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for intracellular digestion. |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| Responsible for the production of hormones, a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane. |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) |
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Definition
| Appears 'pebbled' by electron microscopy because of the presence of many ribosomes on its surface, the proteins that are synthesized by the ribosomes collect in the ER for transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of RNA and protein, two subunits called messenger RNA (mRNA) and transport RNA, the mRNA is moved along systematically through the ribosome, while the transfer RNA adds individual amino acids to the growing protein chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintains cell shape, the movements of the cytoskeleton are responsible for internal movement of cell organelles, three main types of protein filaments - microtubles, actin filaments (microfilaments), and intermediate fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of polysaccharides, usually cellulose, serves as a barrier, turgor pressure responsible for crispness of fresh veggies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain chlorophyll like thylakoids. |
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Term
| Four Types of Eukaryotic Cells |
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Definition
| Animal cells, protists, plant cells, and fungus cells. |
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Term
| Types of Prokaryotic Cells |
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Definition
| Bacteria - not all bacteria is infectious. |
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Term
| Organisms that have cells lacking internal membrane-bound structures - ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms that do not have a nucleus - _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms that are either single-celled or made up of many cells - ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms that generally are single-celled - _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms that have cells containing organelles - _________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| CO2 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + O2 (+ATP) |
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Term
| Two phases of photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| Light dependant reactions are where light energy is absorbed and converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH). Light Independent Reactions are where ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose - produce one glucose molecule per reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The repationship between 2+ organisms that live closely together and benefit from each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relationship in which one organism benefits the other is neither helped not harmed. |
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Term
| Organsms that acquire energy through photosynthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is NOT an example of a heterotroph: mushroom, leopard, grass, human. |
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Definition
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Term
| bolic reactions that synthesize molecules are classified as __________ while metabolic reactions that degrade molecules are classified as __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? |
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Definition
| Adenine, ribose, triphosphate tail. |
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Term
| Energy is released from ATP when... |
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Definition
| a phosphate group is removed. |
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Term
| If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant's environment, what would you expect to happen to its production of high-energy sugars? |
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Definition
| No sugars will be produced. |
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Term
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration: glycolysis --> fermentation --> Krebs cycle, Krebs cycle -->electron transport --> glycolysis, glycolysis --> Krebs cycle --> electron transport, Krebs cycle --> glycolysis --> electron transport |
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Definition
| Glycolysis --> Krebs cycle --> electron transport |
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Term
| In the presence of oxygen, gycolysis is followed by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which region of the visible spectrun is not absorbed well by chlorophyll? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are photosystems found? |
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Definition
| In the stroma, in the thylakoid membrane, and in the Calvin cycle. |
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Term
| Which of these is a product of cellular respiration: oxygen, waer, glucose, all of the above. |
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Definition
| Water (C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O) |
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Term
| In what part of the cell does glycolysis does take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle: ATP, NADH, CO2, acetyl coA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce: 2, 34, 36, or 38 ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis converts gluose into two molecules of __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is considered one of the most important biologicl enzymes as it converts inorganic carbon dioxide to organic molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| A high level of lactic acid in the blood is a sign that _____________ has occurred. |
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Definition
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Term
| elular respiration releases energy by breaking down gluose in the presence of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is ATP, and how is energy released from it. |
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Definition
| ATP is the "universal currency" of energy for cellular processes. Energy is released from it when ine of its phosphate groups breaks off of it. |
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Term
| Write the overall balanced equation fir photosynthesis using symbols and words where needed. Is this a catabolic or anabolic process? How can you tell? |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H20 --> C6H12O6 + 602. This is an anabolic process because it is building the glucose molecule. |
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Term
| The basic units (monomers) of DNA are called ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three parts that make up a nucleotide. |
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Definition
| Sugar, phosphate, and base. |
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Term
| The bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together are called __________ bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is responsible for unwinding and unzipping DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ synthesizes a short complementary RNA strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ synthesizes a complementary DNA strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ forms the covalent bonds between sugars and phosphates. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chargaff's Rule of base-pairing says that: |
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Definition
| Cytosine bonds with Guanine (C+G), and Adenine bonds with Thymine (A+T). |
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Term
| The stage in which the cell's nucleus and nuclear material divide. |
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Definition
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Term
| Structures that contain genetic material. |
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Definition
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Term
| The released form of DNA in the cell's nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Structures that contain identical copies of DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the function of the G1 phase of Interphase. |
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Definition
| Preparation for DNA replication. |
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Term
| Dscribe the function of the S phase of Interphase. |
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Definition
| Copies DNA for cell division. |
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Term
| Describe the function of the G2 phase of Interphase. |
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Definition
| Prepares for division of the nucleus. |
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Term
| Describe the function of Cytokinesis. |
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Definition
| Divison of the cytoplasm that results in 2 cells with identical nucleii. |
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Term
| Infer why two sister chromatids attached by a centromere are important to cell function and division. |
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Definition
| Makes sure all daughter cells have identical genes. |
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Term
| Describe the function of the centromere. |
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Definition
| Holds sister chromatids together. |
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Term
| Which stage of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which stage of mitosis do cells spend most of their time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do all cells divide at the same rate? Explain. |
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Definition
| No. They have different functions which call for more or less cell production. |
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Term
| Contrast cytokinesis in an animal and a plant cell. |
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Definition
| Animal cells have a cleavage furrow and plants cells have cell plates. |
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Term
| Hypothesize what would happen of a drug that stopped microtubule movement but did NOT affect cytokineis was applied to a cell. |
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Definition
| Microtubules make up spindle fibers. DNA wouldn't split evenly, which could cause genetic mutation, disorders, and cell death. |
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Term
| The net movement of particles from an area where there are many particles of the substances to an area where there are fewer particles of the substance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of particles in a given area. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main factors that affect the rate of diffusion? |
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Definition
| Cncentration, temperature, and pressure. |
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Term
| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| A form of transport that uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment, enclosing the substances in a portion of thep lasma membrance; the membrane then pinches off and leaves the substance in the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The secretion of materials at the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 nucleic acids found in cells. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Double ringed base - Adenine and Guanine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single ringed base - Cytosine, Thymine, and "U" |
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Term
| Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct: communities make up species (organisms) which make up populations, populations make up species (organisms) which make up communities, species (organisms) make up communities which make up populations, species (organisms) are grouped in populations which make up communities. |
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Definition
| Species (organisms) are grouped in populations which make up communities. |
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Term
| The simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere is a(an)... |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a(an)... |
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Definition
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Term
| the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the... |
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Definition
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Term
| What animals eat both producers and consumers? |
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Definition
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Term
| A snake eats a frog that has eaten an insect that fed on a plant is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| Only 10% of the energy stored on an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism;s life processes, and the rest is... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT: photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, decomposition. |
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Definition
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Term
| The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because... |
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Definition
| Energy flows in one direction and nutrients cycle. |
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Term
| Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem: average temperature of the ecosystem, type of soil in the ecosystem, number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem, concentration of oxygen in the ecosystem. |
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Definition
| Number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem. |
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Term
| The symbiotic relationship between a flower and the insect that feeds on its nectar is an example of... |
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Definition
| Mutualism because the flower provides the insect with food, and the insect pollinates the flower. |
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Term
| Which of the following is not likely to be a limiting factor on the sea otter population: disease, competition, drought, predation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants called _______, such as soy beans and peas have nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots. |
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Definition
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Term
| The unequal heating of the Earth's surface... |
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Definition
| Drives wind and ocean currents, causes winds that transport heat throughout the biosphere, and has important effects on the Earth's climate regions. |
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Term
| In terms of energy flow in ecosystems, explain why big predatory animals such as tigers and sharks are relatively rare. |
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Definition
| Beacuse of the Energy Pyramid, we see that only 10% of energy transfers from the previous trophic levels. Thus, there is not enough energy to sustain a large predatory animal population, so there aren't as many of them. |
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Term
| How is it possible that a molecule that was in the ear of a dinosaur could be in your pinkie finger? |
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Definition
| ENERGY FLOWS AND MATTER CYCLES. Thus, the molecules in an organism are recycled when they die, so we are basically made of matter that was once part of something else! |
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Term
| Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is a prokaryote or a eukaryote: the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall, whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membrances, the presence or absence of ribosomes, whether or not the cell contains DNA. |
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Definition
| Whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes. |
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Term
| What did scientists observe using the earliest microscopes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which statement is a fundamental principle of the cell theory: all cells have a plasma membrane, eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells, living organisms are composed of cells, the genetic material in cells is DNA. |
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Definition
| Living organisms are composed of cells. |
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Term
| What is the main advantage of small cell size? |
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Definition
| Small cells can better take up sufficient nutrients and oxygen to provide for their needs. |
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Term
| When in the cell cycle are chromosomes visible? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which phase of mitosis does the cell spend most of its time? |
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Definition
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Term
| During mitosis, the: DNA molecules, histones and DNA molecules separate, DNA molecules become more tightly coiled, nucleosomes become less tightly packed. |
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Definition
| DNA molecules become more tightly coiled. |
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Term
| During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pair is correct: G1 phase - DNA replication, G2 phase - preparation for mitosis, S phase - cell division, M phase - cell growth. |
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Definition
| G2 phase - preparation for mitosis. |
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Term
| Before a normal daughter cell becomes too large to carry out normal activities, it will usually divide to form two ___________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Together, G1, G2, and S are called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cholesterol is repelled by water and can be found between the layers of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane. What can be concluded from this information? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane: breaks down lipids, carbs, and proteins from foods; stores water, salt, proteins, and carbs; keeps the cell wall in place; regulates which materials enter and exit the cell. |
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Definition
| Regulates which materials enter and exit the cell. |
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Term
| Cilia and flagella are used to move cell through watery environments. What role do these cell parts plat on stationary cells? |
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Definition
| The move substances along the surface of the cell. |
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Term
| Which organelle are found only in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what point in the process of diffusion is equilibrium reached? |
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Definition
| When there is continuous movement but no change in concentration. |
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Term
| What is a major difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport? |
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Definition
| Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a cell membrane. |
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Definition
| Proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipids. |
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Term
| Algal cells are placed in an isotonic solution. Additional amounts of solutes are slowly added to the solution. What happens to the cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of materials are expelled from cells during mitosis? |
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Definition
| Large molecules such as hormones. |
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Term
| Which of the following is an example of passive transport: endocytosis, exocytosis, facilitated diffusion, Na+/K+ ATPas Pump |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Prokaryote or Eukaryote? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does active transport require more energy than osmosis or facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| Beacuse active transport goes against the cencentration gradient it requires more energy. |
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Term
| What does the Na+/K+ ATPase Pump do? What is its function (use vocabulary). |
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Definition
| Its function is to regulate the levels of sodium and potassium within the cytoplasm and in the extra-cellular fluid. |
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Term
| What is the Central Dogma? |
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Definition
| DNA codes for RNA, which guides the synthesis of proteins. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis of mRNA from DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences that are not in the final mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences that are in the final mRNA. |
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Term
| This player in Translation acts as the "messenger." |
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Definition
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Term
| This player in Translation acts as the "carrier" of amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| This player in Translation synthesizes proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Provide a quick summary of the process of translation. |
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Definition
| (1) mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and associates with ribosomes. (2)tRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome. tRNA have specific 3 base nucleotides called anticodons that specify a particular amino acid they carry. (3) These anticodons complementary base pair with 3 bases on the mRNA (codon). |
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Term
| Do plant cells do cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| YES, beacuse they have mitochrondria as well as chloroplasts. |
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Term
| What are the two phases of photosynthesis? Describe their functions. |
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Definition
| Light dependant reaction - where light energy is absorbed and converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH); Ligh independent reaction - ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose. Produces 1 glucose molecule per reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that egts its energy requirements by consuming other organisms; called consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterotrophs that only consume plants :) |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterotrophs that prey on other heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterotrophs that consume both plants and animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eat dead fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water where the nutrients can be re-used by organics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Break down dead organisms by releasing digestive enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A step in the food chain/web. |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diagram that can show the realtive amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The total mass of living matter at each trophic level. |
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Term
| Name the three types of relationships (HINT: not mutualism, commensalism, parasitism.) |
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Definition
| Competition, Symbiosis, Predator/Prey |
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Term
| Explain the difference between primary and secondary succession and provide examples of each. |
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Definition
| Primary succession does not include soil, whereas secondary succession does. Primary = on a rick (old volcano), secondary = after a wildfire. |
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Term
| What happens when organisms and populations enter their zones of physiological stress? |
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Definition
| The animal population begins to decline because it is coming ever closer to its limiting factors. |
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Term
| Predict how unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors affect a species. |
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Definition
| The species' population begins to decline as the limiting factors kill off large numbers of organisms, thus a smaller number of remaining organisms are left. |
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Term
| Describe how ranges of tolerance affect the distribution of a species. |
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Definition
| The species will live, where they can tolerate the conditions - a Arctic fox will live in snow because it can't take too much heat, and a lion will live in a hot area because it can't be too cold. |
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Term
| Describe the process of Eutrification. |
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Definition
| Excess nitrogen and phosphorous --> runoff into tributaries --> algae "blooms" --> blocks sunlight from photosynthetic plants --> decrease in dissolved H2O --> animals die --> biodiversity decreases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical substance that an organism nust obtain from its environment to sustain life and undergo life functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The exchange of matter through the biosphere; involves living organisms, geological processes, and chemical processes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When some soil bacteria convert fixed nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas. |
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Term
| How does the movement ofchemicals in an ecosystem differ from the movemen of energy? |
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Definition
| A constant supply of chemicls aren't needed, so because of the Law of Conservation of Mass, natural processes cycle matter through the biosphere. |
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Term
| What would happen to the carbon cycle if all the detrivores suddenly went on "strike" and stopped working? |
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Definition
| The excess carbon would have nowhere to stay for the long-term cycle and the cycle would be hopelessly overloaded. |
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Term
| What is the main abiotic reservoir of nitrogen? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key biotic factor that introduces N2 into the nitrogen cycle? |
|
Definition
| The plants which absorb it from the soil. |
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|
Term
| Over the short term, why does phosphorous cycling tend to be more localized than either carbon or nitrogen cycling? |
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Definition
| I may only be present in small amounts of soil and H2o. |
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Term
| Some of the main ingredients in fertilizer are phosphates and nitrates. What happens when you introduce excess of these compounds into the environment? |
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Definition
| Beacuse these are both chemicals that can stop the growth of producers, the entire ecosystem would be distributed because plants would be unable to grow properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interactions they have with their environments are studied. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When observations and analyses span over a long period of time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Allow scientists to simulate a process/system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the Earth that supports life. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Made up of independent organisms of a signle species that share the same geographic location at the same time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A large group a ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An area where an organism lives. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The role or position that an organism has in its environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The act of one organism consuming another organism for food. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of organisms in an area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uniform, random, or clumped (most common). |
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Term
|
Definition
| How fast a population is growing. Limiting factors: natality, mortality, immigration, emigration. |
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