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| American Indians from Eurasia to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. |
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the first peoples, big game hunters, who entered, and subsequently inhabited the American continent during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period via Beringia.
Stone tools, particularly projectile points and scrapers, are the primary evidence of the earliest well known human activity in the Americas. |
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Archaic people were not as nomadic as their ancestors. Their changed lifeways relied less on migratory animals species. Instead, their subsistence relied more on smaller game such as deer, turkey, rabbit, and even skunk, fox, and wildcat. Archaic Indians made seasonal moves because different food sources were available at different places and in different times of the year.
During the fall and winter, they camped in the forested hills. Here the hunting was better and they could also gather nuts. In the summer and spring, they returned to the lower lying river valleys to take advantage of fishing and collecting shellfish, such as mussels. |
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| Woodland Indians hunted small game and foraged in the forests. However, unlike their Archaic forerunners, Woodland Indians placed greater emphasis on a more sedentary life by tending plants and cultivating maize, sunflower, beans, and squash. With this increased importance placed on cultivation came an increased need to settle in one place for longer periods of time. Thus, towns and villages appear to be occupied year round. In the spring, summer, and fall the Woodland Indians hunted and tended their gardens. By drying the meat and storing their crops and gathering nuts, the Woodland Indians could remain in their villages during the lean winter months. |
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The Mississippian Stage is characterized by the construction of large, flat topped mounds, small triangular projectile points, shell tempered pottery, an increased dependence on maize agriculture, and the organization of the population into a chiefdom society.
In Alabama corn, or maize, was the most common crop raised by the Mississippian Indians. Other crops that were grown include beans, squash, pumpkin, and sunflower. The crops were generally tended by the women of the society |
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| the city covered nearly six square miles and boasted a population of as many as 20,000 people. Houses were arranged in rows around open plazas. Agricultural fields and a number of smaller villages surrounded and supplied the city. |
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| squash, maze, and climbing beans |
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| southeastern ceremonial complexe |
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| is the name given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts, iconography, ceremonies and mythology of the Mississippian culture that coincided with their adoption of maize agriculture and chiefdom-level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE.[ |
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| was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, food items, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. |
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was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European documented to have discovered Mississippi River.
A vast undertaking, de Soto's North American expedition ranged throughout the southeastern United States searching for gold and a passage to China. De Soto died of fever in 1542 on the banks of the Mississippi River at present-day Lake Village, Arkansas.
The Mobilian tribe, under Chief Tuskaloosa, ambushed de Soto's army. |
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| came to Florida in search of the earlier Narváez Expedition and was captured by the Uzita.The daughter of Chief Hirrihigua of the Uzita reportedly begged for Ortiz's life, as her father had ordered Ortiz to be roasted alive. Ortiz survived captivity and torture, and quickly joined the new de Soto expedition. Ortiz knew the countryside and also helped as an interpreter. |
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| became commander-in-chief of the expedition, and, having wintered with the Natchitoches, resolved on the evacuation of the country. Beginning his retreat on 1 July, 1543, he returned with greatly diminished forces to the Mississippi, built seven frail boats, on which he embarked his men, drifted down the river, and, after several fights with the Indians on the banks, entered the Gulf of Mexico, 19 July, 1543. On 10 September they reached Panuco river, in New Spain, and arrived at last in Mexico on 23 December, 1543. |
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| sent several exploring parties inland to scout the Pensacola area; they returned after three weeks having found only one Indian town. Before they could unload the vessels, on the night of September 19, 1559,[1] a hurricane (with storm surge) swept through and destroyed most of the ships and cargo: five ships, a galleon and a bark, pushing one caravel and its cargo into a grove inland.[1] With the colony in serious danger, most of the men traveled up the Alabama River to the village of Nanipacana (Nanipacna or Ninicapua), which they had found abandoned; they renamed the town "Santa Cruz" and moved in for several months.[ |
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Pardo led two expeditions from Santa Elena into the interior of the southeast United States. The first, from December 1566 to March 1567, numbered 125 men and was to seek food and to establish bases among the region's indigenous people. He established Fort San Juan at Joara, a Mississippian culture center (near present-day Morganton, North Carolina) and left a garrison behind. Claiming the settlement for Spain, he renamed it Cuenca.[1]
Pardo led a second expedition from September 1567 to March 1568 and explored the Piedmont interior and south along the Appalachian Mountains. He established additional forts to supply a land route to Zacatecas in present-day Mexico, where the Spanish had silver mines they wanted to protect. Pardo returned to Santa Elena when he learned of a French raid there.[2]
Later in 1568, the Native Americans turned against Pardo's garrisons in the interior, killing all but one of the 120 men and burning down all six forts. The Spanish did not return to the North Carolina interior. |
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| One of the hottest fishing spots in the world. fishermen would salt the fish, and or dry them to preserve the food. The french resistant was forced to leave the island by the 1700 |
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| green fisheries is heavily salted fish, and dry fisheries: the cod is split in two pieces and dried. |
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| was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France.[ |
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| he claimed qubec, and with Montagnais, an Indian tribe on the St. Lawrence he fought the iroquois indians killing 2 chiefs and brutally hurting one. |
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| discovered the mississippi river |
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| was a French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement;In 1673 Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first non-Native Americans to see and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River. |
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was important because of his exploration of the Mississippi River in North America. He was the first European to sail down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the Mississippi River Basin, which he called the Louisiana Territory, for France. He is sometimes called "the Father of the Louisiana Territory."
He was born in France on November |
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| was a soldier, ship captain, explorer, colonial administrator, knight of the order of Saint-Louis, adventurer, privateer, trader, and founder of the French colony of Louisiana.[ |
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| doctrine of effective occupation |
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| This doctrine was described in Article 35 of the Berlin Act, and stated that in order to be granted the right of land possession in Africa, a European nation was required to prove that it would be able to protect existing rights, such as freedom of trade and transit. At face value, this doctrine sounded virtuous, but in truth the doctrine predicated that the native population of Africa was incompetent to protects its own existing rights under international law. |
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Both the river and the settlement were named after King James I of England, who was on the throne at the time, granted the private proprietorship to the Virginia Company of London's enterprise.
The location at Jamestown Island was selected primarily because it offered a favorable strategic defensive position against other European forces which might approach by water. Another reason was because it was not inhabited by the local Virginia Indians.[6] However, the colonists soon discovered that the swampy and isolated site was plagued by mosquitoes and tidal river water unsuitable for drinking, and offered limited opportunities for hunting and little space for farming |
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| sometimes referred to as "General" or "Colonel" Wood, was an English fur trader (specifically the beaver and deerskin trades) and explorer of 17th century colonial Virginia. Wood's base of operations was Fort Henry at the falls of the Appomattox in present-day Petersburg. |
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| In 1673 Wood sent his friend James Needham and his indentured servant Gabriel Arthur on an expedition to find an outlet to the Pacific Ocean. Shortly after their departure Needham and Arthur encountered a group of Tomahitan Indians, who offered to conduct the men to their town across the mountains (Wood 1990, p. 33).[1] After reaching the Tomahitan town Needham returned to Fort Henry to report to Wood. While en route back to the Tomahitan town Needham was killed by a member of the trading party with whom he was traveling (Wood 1990, pp. 36-38). Shortly thereafter, Arthur was almost killed by a mob in the Tomahitan settlement, but was saved and then adopted by the town's headman |
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| Chota (also spelled Chote, Echota, Itsati, and other similar variations) is a historic Overhill Cherokee site in Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. For much of its history, Chota was the most important of the Overhill towns, serving as the de facto capital of the Cherokee Nation from the late 1740s until 1788. A number of prominent Cherokee leaders were born or resided at Chota, among them Attakullakulla, Oconostota, Old Hop, Old Tassel, Hanging Maw, and Nancy Ward.[ |
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| The Chickasaw were a part of the Mississippian culture which was located throughout the Mississippi River valley. Sometime prior to the first European contact, the Chickasaw moved east and settled east of the Mississippi River. The Chickasaw were one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" who were forced to sell their country in 1832 and move to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) during the era of Indian Removal; most Chickasaw now live in Oklahoma. All historical records indicate the Chickasaw lived in northeast Mississippi from the first European contact until the Indian Removal in 1832. |
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| Muscogee people continue to preserve chaya and share a vibrant tribal identity through events such as annual festivals, stick ball games, and language classes. The Stomp Dance and Green Corn Ceremony are both highly revered gatherings and rituals that have largely remained closed to non-tribal members and thus have maintained their traditional integrity. |
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| They were the first Native Americans to walk the Trail of Tears. The Choctaws were exiled (to the area now called Oklahoma) because the U.S. desired to expand territory available for settlement to European Americans[5], wanted to save them from extinction[6], and wanted to acquire their natural resources[7]. |
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