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| Bantu concept in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal tasks appropriate for that age. |
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| Mediators between humanity and supernatural beings. |
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| Kingdom in West Africa during the fifth through the thirteenth centuries whose rulers eventually converted to Islam; its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan trade. |
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| An African musician-storyteller essential to oral storytelling tradition of sub-Saharan Africa. |
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| City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean. |
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| Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century. |
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| Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade. |
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| African kingdom founded in the thirteenth century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa. |
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| The grandnephew of Sundiata who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Upon his return, he built mosques and Islamic schools in Mali. |
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| City conquered by Muhammed in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected mosques. |
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| The prosperous capital of the Malian Empire that was linked to north Africa by a system of caravan routes. |
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| Group in Ethiopia (1300s) claiming descent from Israelite kings. |
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| Empire that replaced Mali in the late fifteenth century. |
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| Term relating to societies such as those of sub-Saharan Africa after the Bantu migrations that featured decentralized rule through family and kinship groups instead of strongly centralized hierarchies. |
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| Founder of the Mali empire (r. 1230-1255), also the inspiration for the Sundiata, an African literary and mythological work. |
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| African city-state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was active in trade. |
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| The teachings of Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) compiled by his disciples. |
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| Chinese dynasty that ruled an expanding empire with a large bureaucracy based upon Legalist and Confucian values. The empire taxed agriculture and trade and raised large armies to colonize Vietnam, Korea, and the Xiongnu territory. |
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| Chinese philosophy from the Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people. |
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| Confucian concept, a sense of propriety. |
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| Chinese dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) that was founded by Qin Shihuangdi and was marked by the first unification of China and the early construction of defensive walls. |
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| The Confucian value of propriety, courtesy, respect, and deference to elders. |
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| Daoist concept of a disengagement from the affairs of the world. |
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| Capital city of Qin empire. |
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| Confucian concept of respect for one's parents and ancestors. |
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| A revolt against the land distribution policies of the Han dynasty (25-220 C.E.). |
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