i.      Modernism

1.      Reflection or departure from tradition

2.      Innovation, newness and new forms of expression

3.      New way of thinking that affirms the power of human beings to make, improve, and reshape their environment, with science, technology and practical experimentation

4.      Term covers a variety of political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in U.S.

1.      Looser morals

a.       New morality and sexuality

b.      Leaving of traditional values

c.       Carefree attitude

d.      Self expression and Freedom

2.      Style

a.       Smoking

b.      Makeup

c.       Knee length dresses

d.      Bobs

3.      Arts and Entertainment

a.       Jazz

                                                                                                                                      i.      Harlem Renaissance

                                                                                                                                    ii.      “The New Negro”

4.      Consumer culture

a.       Increased spending

b.      Luxuries

1.      Technologies

a.       Automobile

b.      Communication

                                                                                                                                      i.      Radio

                                                                                                                                    ii.      Telephone

2.      Department stores

3.      Credit

4.      Suburban homes

5.      Heroes

a.       Professional Sports

                                                                                                                                      i.      Babe Ruth

b.      Charles Lindbergh

                                                              i.      Prohibition

1.      Those concerned about morality and religious conformity say alcohol is bad for Americans. Encouraged the election of dry candidates to support 18^th amendment in 1919). 

2.      Failed: Many broke the law. Led to a massive underground movement to distribute alcohol into the community. Evolution of speakeasies (private saloons and bars usually in basements), cocktail parties (where people go to drink privately) and flasks (carry a private stock of liquor).

a.       Organized crime

                                                                                                                                      i.      Al Capone publicly broke the law of prohibition.

Flaunted his wealth and actions and found loopholes

Jailed for tax evasion; not able to arrest him for bootlegging

Capone used technology to support his industry: automobiles and Tommy guns (for drive-bys)

                                                            ii.      Nativism v. Immigrants

                                                          iii.      Traditionalism/Fundamentalism v. Modernism

                                                          iv.      Because Americans are at these crossroads: Americans are in a time of cultural conflict.

1. 1. Modernists

                                                              i.      Women, flappers, modernists, scientists

                                                            ii.      Breaking prohibitions (morality, sexuality, religion, technology etc)

                                                          iii.      Young people are thinking about acting differently.

1.      Changes in manners and morals so they express themselves differently.

2.      Changes how they act in public and what they think is appropriate.  

1. 1. New morality/sexuality

                                                              i.      Flappers

1.      Example of new sexuality, new morality and the new woman. Represents the changes in women’s lives, morals, sex and the political sense of what a woman can be in this era.

2.      Flappers in workforce

3.      Vamps ( really tackled the question of sexuality and broke all prohibitions such Dolores del Rio and Louise Brooks) Flappers had degrees of modernity.

4.      College flappers, who had educated ideas of what it meant to be a women in society. Still modest and well-rounded. Didn’t stop their self expression. 

                                                            ii.      Use of technology

1.      Automobiles to remove themselves from family control

a.       Allowed couples to abandon the “front porch for the back seat”

2.      1921 Margaret Sanger forms the American Birth Control League (Now Planned Parenthood)

                                                          iii.      Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals

                                                          iv.      Mainly in city because there was a sense of anonymity (especially in speakeasies and cocktail parties while you’re already breaking prohibitions)

1.  
   1. Artistic Movement

                                                              i.      The Jazz Age

1.      F. Scott Fitzgerald: called 1920s the Jazz Age because of the music (what it sounded like and the atmosphere it generated)

                                                            ii.      Hollywood

1.      West coast

2.      These modernist ideas get carried over in the mainstream.

3.      Hollywood producers take what they see in the street and put it on the screen.

4.      Janet Gaynor and Colleen Moore (clean cut flapper actresses)

5.      Cartoons (Betty Boop and comics). “Please don’t take my boop boop a doop away” – testing the barriers.

6.      Filmmakers and artists test boundaries of showing naked bodies (Ramon Navarro and Lily Damita).

7.      Many women used blues lyrics to express their sexuality as well as their strength

                                                          iii.      Harlem Renaissance[JS2] 

1.      East Coast

2.      Culture, art, and music that defined this movement and provided powerful messages in the U.S.

3.      The Harlem Renaissance was part of the movement toward equality for African Americans and illustrated their intellectual and artistic abilities.

4.      Poets Arna Bontemps and Langston Hughes

5.      New Negro

6.      Pride

7.      Challenged old-school nativist ideology

a.       Nativism

                                                              i.      America for the Americans first. Establish favor for the interests of native-born Americans and oppose interests of immigrants

                                                            ii.      say White Anglo-Saxon and Protestant (WASP) only

1.      Serve interest of people of white descent over others

                                                          iii.      Opposed to new changes (scares older generations) Immigrants represent it

                                                          iv.      Saco and Vanzetti “immigrant you should fear”:

1.      Italians Saco and Vanzetti murder case in South Braintree, Massachusetts

2.      Identified as anarchists: spoke openly of their beliefs

3.      Very unlikely that they committed it because of their employment

4.      Found guilty and electrocuted in 1927

5.      Case becomes an international issue and flashpoint over whether or not we should have immigrants

                                                            v.      Anti- Immigrant platform

1.      1900-1910s we had massive amounts of immigrants

2.      In 1921, Emergency Immigration Act – restrict Euro immigration and reduce it to 3% of the total # of Euros who came in 1910

3.      Immigration Act of 1924 apply a 2% quota to all countries and all immigrants coming into the U.S.

                                                          vi.      100% Americanism

1.      Everyone being a part of the Americans effort to participate in the war.

2.      No protesting; treason and sedition acts.

3.      National unity threatened by change

4.      Watch for non-protestant, English speaking natives

                                                        vii.      KKK

1.      Agrees with 100% Americanism

2.      KKK became popular and PUBLIC

a.       From 3 - 8 million members nationwide

b.      7 states elected officials that were KKK

c.       Parade.

3.      Promote their vision as the American way of life.

4.      Against “melting plot”

a.       Anti-immigration

b.      Anti-Catholic

c.       Anti-colored

5.      Reasserted a traditional American identity

a.       Shaped fear of change and modernism to favor tradition

a.       Fundamentalism (Scopes Trial 1925)

                                                              i.      Dayton, Tennessee 1925

1.      Very traditional

a.       No flappers

b.      Prohibition since 1905

c.       200 Negroes “stayed in their place”

                                                            ii.      Modernists

1.      John Scopes

a.       convinced to teach evolution by George Rappalyea (drug store owner)

2.      Clarence Darrow

a.       Defender for Scopes

b.      Defended right of self-expression and freedom to teach

                                                          iii.      Fundamentalists

1.      Anti-modernist Protestant movement that proclaimed the literal truth of the bible

2.      Fundamentalism as a way of life

3.      William Jennings Bryan

a.       used his political popularity to promote Fundamentalism

b.      anti-evolutionist after WWI

c.       1924 drafted antievolution resolution in FL

d.       “You believe in the ages of rocks: I believe in the Rock of Ages”

                                                          iv.      Butler Act

1.      March 21, 1925

2.      illegal to teach evolution in schools

3.      Accused John Scopes of violating it

4.      Scopes found guilty but Tenn. Supreme Court overturned on technicality

                                                            v.      Why

1.      Turning point of whether we should be modern and new or retreat to old values

2.      Case is about what we should believe; serious international question

1.      How did consumer culture change Americans in this era?  Describe 2 changes.

a.       Material prosperity of the Jazz Age seemed unifying

b.      Credit

                                                              i.      Spending on recreation nearly doubled (usually credit)

1.      Automobiles, radios, and household appliances

2.      Previously, only house was purchased on credit

                                                            ii.      Consumer debt rose from $2.6 billion in 1919 to $7.1 billion in 1929.

1.      Faith in continuing prosperity promoted the extension of consumer credit to unprecedented heights

                                                          iii.      Installment buying (buy now, pay later)

                                                          iv.      Loan company: “People don’t think anything nowadays of borrowing sums they’d never have thought of borrowing in the old days. They will assume an obligation for $2,000 today as calmly as they would have borrowed $300 to $400 in 1890”

                                                            v.      Credit habits boosted standard of living, but left families in unstable situations and vulnerable

1.      Stock market crash of 1929

a.       Marketing and Advertising

                                                              i.      Marketing the good life

                                                            ii.      Fueled much of the new spending

                                                          iii.      “Advertising is to business what fertilizer is to a farm”

                                                          iv.      To adverts: consumer goods promised health, beauty, success, and the means to eliminate personal and embarrassing flaws

                                                            v.      Radio

                                                          vi.      Cigarette company promotions

1.      Symbol of independence for women and a means to achieve beauty

2.      “Reach for a Lucky Strike” instead of a sweet, they would remain slim, healthy and sexually appealing

Who: Singer and songwriter; became hobo as teenager and followed migrant workers
What: Wrote more than 1,000 songs about the struggles of common people and the dispossessed.
 “Union Maid” - expresses the hopes and spirit of union workers
“So Long, It’s Been Good to Know Yuh” - captures the sorrows of Dust Bowl migrants.
“This Land is Your Land” - how Americans have a right to land, make a living and survive; Tribute to the sturdiness of the working people; Response to “God Bless America” because it did not properly represent America. Originally called “God Blessed America”
Associated with the Communist Party (“This machine kills fascists” on his guitar) but never a member
Where: South, Texas. Famous across U.S.; Hired by Gov to become official songwriter for the west coast
When: 1912-1967; Great Depression
Why: Immortalized the spirit of ordinary Americans during the Dust Bowl and struggles of the GD. Songs became anthems of the era and remain  classics of American folk music.
Expressed the spirit, sorrows, and longings of Depression Era Americans.

Who: Farmers and Americans who had settled there; affected all Americans
What: Severe drought exacerbated the difficulties of farmers.
High grain prices during WWI caused farmers to plow millions acres of grasslands to plant wheat
Plowing removed root systems and years of little rainfall caused the land to dry up
Middle of the decade: high winds picked up the loose topsoil creating dust storms across the open plains.
Where: Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico
When: Great Depression;1930s
Why: Drove 60% of the population out of the region; Symbolize the plight and suffering wrought by the Great Depression

Who: Thousands of desperate emigrants who left the state in search of work; Mostly white
What: Land dried up, no root system and Dust Bowl created storms of topsoil across the open plain
Families traveled for about three days down Route 66 to Far West (California) to start over and find work
Joined Mexican migrant farm workers, African American laborers and others
Where: Dustbowl Areas: OK, TX, KA, CO, NW; traveled to CA Central Valley
When: Great Depression period; Began in 1935 and peaked between 1937 and 1938.
            Why: Were a symbol of the plight suffered by Americans during the Great Depression
            Portrayed in photos by Dorothy Lange (hired by Gov to document lifestyles)

Who: Many in the South are black and white; men and women; Scottsboro Boys
What: Many poor people joined the growing ranks of hobos, riding the rails from town to town, looking for work.
Where: U.S.; Railroads; Famous case of Scottsboro Boys in Scottsboro and Paintrock Alabama
When: Great Depression era
            Why: Symbolized of the plight during the Great Depression; highlighted racial tensions

Who: 9 young African Americans (from 13-21) who fought with a group of white men; 2 white women accused them, U.S. Supreme Court ordered new trial; Support from Brit. Parliament and Communists
What: 9 black men fighting with group of white men and 2 women accused the boys of rape (later admitted lies) while on train in Paintrock, Alabama
Jailed in Scottsboro; Within 2 weeks, all-white jury convicted them of rape and sentenced to death
Retrial in Nov 1932 - First defendant convicted and death sentenced again.
1935 Supreme Court reversed the second set of convictions because excluding blacks from the jury denied the defendants due process.
Next two years, five of the boys were tried again and found guilty.
None died, all spent a lot of time in jail. Gov does not apologize or (pardon?) until 1976
Where: Train in Paint Rock, Alabama; jailed in Scottsboro, Alabama
When: March 25, 1932
Nov 1932 Supreme court orders a new trial
1935 Sup. Court reversed 2^nd set of convictions
1976 Gov apologizes and (pardons?)
Why: Major rallying point for civil rights, activists, liberals and radicals throughout the 1930s.
Got worldwide support including British Parliament and the Communist party.
Focus of an international effort to gain their release.
Highlights increased racial tension in the time period.

Who: President Herbert Hoover; people who lost their homes; hobos
What: Shanty town; makeshift settlements for those who have lost apartments, homes and farms
Mocks the ineffectual efforts of Hoover to respond to their plight
President Hoover ignored economy and took a “laissez faire” approach
Where: Entire U.S.; urban and rural; Especially what state?
When: 1930s; Great Depression era
Why: In contrast to Hoover’s belief, economic problems will not go away by ignoring it.

Who: NY senator in 1911
Assist. Secretary of the Navy in 1913
NY Gov in 1928
Democratic President in 1932 (32^nd president)
What: Identifies Depression as the “enemy” not groups of people (ex: immigrants)
1933 Inaugural address (Nothing to fear but fear itself) and fireside chats eased the nation’s anxieties
Fireside Chats - used radio to explain policies, communicate efforting and send reassuring messages that reached people
Proposed the New Deal – in the (First Hundred Days)
                                                              i.      Repeals Prohibition (21^st amendment)
                                                            ii.      Security Exchange Commission (oversee stock market)
                                                          iii.      Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (to reform banks, insure deposits)
                                                          iv.      Farm Relief Act (to help farmers get food to people)
                                                            v.      Farm Mortgage Act (so farmers can keep their farms)
                                                          vi.      Agricultural Adjustment Act (sets farm prices)
                                                        vii.      Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) ($50 million to states for needy)
                                                      viii.      Public Works Administration (help create jobs)
                                                          ix.      Civilian Works Administration (temporary jobs)
                                                            x.      National Industrial Recovery Act (regulates the economy; businesses are allowed to oversee standards but in exchange they have to recognize unions and guarantee collective bargaining)
Second New Deal
                                                              i.      Work Program Administration
                                                            ii.      Social Security Act
Where: From NY; President of U.S.
            When: President from 1932-1944; Great Depression
Why: Unable to eradicate poverty or end the depression
Able to provide immense relief and assistance to many suffering Americans
His notion of welfare state carried on for half a century
First to use popular technology to communicate (radio)

Who: FDR, American People; U.S.; aided banks
What: About 30 radio broadcasts to the people (“my friends”)
FDR used radio skillfully to explain his policies, communicate efforting and reassuring messages
Wanted the people to feel included; accepted letters written to FDR by the people
Where: U.S.
When: from March 1933 to June 1944
Why: FDR was able to ease the anxieties of the people
First president to use popular technology (radio) to communicate to the people; 30% U.S. had radios
First media savvy president

Who: Many wage earners and their families who fell into poverty during times of economic downturn. Many of these people had never known poverty before. Newly poor were thousands of middle-class Americans who now faced the loss of their homes and savings. For working-class and poor Americans, the impact of the Depression was devastating because they had little economic security to begin with. One-quarter of the nation’s workers, nearly 14 million people, lost their jobs, leaving them and their families – 40 million people in all – without any income or security.
What: (iffy, confused between welfare state and the programs administered like Social Security Act) Welfare state established but the Social Security Act left out many of the most needy It also established a two-track welfare:
                                                              i.      One providing workers with unemployment insurance and support in their old age (Social Sec. Prog.)Did not cover domestics, seasonal or part-time workers, agricultural laborers or housewives.
                                                            ii.      Other made matching funds available to states to provide relief for the needy, mostly dependent women and children with no meant of support. Unlike Social Security, which was provided to all retired workers regardless of their circumstances, relief programs, which came to be known as “welfare” were administered according to need.
Where: U.S.
When: The Depression; 1930s
Why: U.S. provided no welfare state benefits, such as medical care, relief from poverty, income for the unemployed, or old-age insurance. People were struggling and FDRs welfare state was the start of the protective legislation that prevents this mass destitution today

Who: Congress allocated nearly $5 billion for the Emergency Relief Appropriation
FDR used much of it to expand public work program and employed >8 million people
What: Part of the Second New Deal
Provided millions of jobs for the unemployed (build roads, build bridges, highways, and public buildings; resorting forests; clearing slums; and extending electricity to rural areas etc)
WPA National Youth Administration gave work to nearly 1 million students
Where: The U.S.
When: 1935; The Great Depression
Why: WPA jobs would make a contribution to public life and would not compete with private business. Was it the first of it's kind? First time gov help?

Who: FDR; directed toward full-time industrial workers ; mostly white men.
What: Agenda of policies/programs intended to strengthen American workers and solve social problems
Established the national welfare state and provided assistance and security to millions of working people along with disabled, dependent, and elderly Americans
 Social Security Act (create old-age pension, insurance for unemployed and disabled)
National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act (strengthen unions and guarantee collective bargaining rights)
Works Progress Administration (created jobs for 8 million people rebuilding and developing lands)
Where: The U.S.; passed in Washington
When: 1935
Why: Also solidified FDR’s popularity among the poor, workers nad much of the middle class
Established the welfare state that would last half a century.

Who: FDR; passed by Congress; paid by employees and employers; for elderly, unemployed, disabled
What: Part of the Second New Deal
System of social insurance that included unemployment compensation and old-age survivors’ insurance;
Paid by a joint tax on employers and employees
Established a system of old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for dependent children and the disabled. (still left out many of the most needy)
It also established a two-track welfare.
                                                              i.      One providing workers with unemployment insurance and support in their old age (Soc. Sec. Program) Did not cover domestics, seasonal or part-time workers, agricultural laborers or housewives.
                                                            ii.      Other made matching funds available to states to provide relief for the needy, mostly dependent women and children with no means of support. Unlike Social Security, which was provided to all retired workers regardless of their circumstances, relief programs, which came to be known as “welfare” were administered according to need.
Where: The U.S.
When: 1935
Why: Most important and far-reaching of all New Deal programs. Framework of the Social Security Administration shaped the welfare system for the remainder of the century.

Who: Franklin D Roosevelt; American People
What: Drew on Progressive era reforms impulses to extend the reach of the federal government to while simultaneously preserving the capitalist system
Package of remedies put together to address the problems of the Depression
Provided relief to many Americans but did not eradicate poverty or end the Depression
Many New Deal programs failed, but succeeding ones created the foundation of modern America
First Hundred Days
                                                              i.      Repeals Prohibition (21^st amendment)
                                                            ii.      Security Exchange Commission (oversee stock market)
                                                          iii.      Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (to reform banks, insure deposits)
                                                          iv.      Farm Relief Act (to help farmers get food to people)
                                                            v.      Farm Mortgage Act (so farmers can keep their farms)
                                                          vi.      Agricultural Adjustment Act (sets farm prices)
                                                        vii.      Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) ($50 million to states for needy)
                                                      viii.      Public Works Administration (help create jobs)
                                                          ix.      Civilian Works Administration (temporary jobs)
                                                            x.      National Industrial Recovery Act (regulates the economy; businesses are allowed to oversee standards but in exchange they have to recognize unions and guarantee collective bargaining)
How quickly he got us out of the depression?
Where: The U.S.
When: 1933
Why: It provided assistance to many Americans suffering the effects of the Depression and reformed economic, capitalistic problems of the nation that helped get the U.S. out of the Great Depression

Who: Wife and distant cousin of FDR; Came from sad sheltered, upper-class background (parents died) Studied abroad (developed her strengths and confidence) Civil rights activist; reformer for welfare
What: visited many sites (like African Am. nursing school run by WPA) to promote New Deal
Helped protect women and children whose fathers died, left, lost jobs etc.
Campaigned against lynching
Resigned from Daughters of American Revolution in protest of denying Marian Anderson to perform and arranged for her to sing at Lincoln Memorial in 1939
Where: NY; U.S.
When: First lady during Great Depression;1932 - 1944
Why: First, first lady to actively participate in politics and helped promote/reform acts that FDR couldn’t due to politics (couldn’t support anti-lynching cause it’d could anger southern whites)

1.      Everyone being a part of the Americans effort to participate in the war.

2.      No protesting; treason and sedition acts.

3.      National unity threatened by change

4.      Watch for non-protestant, English speaking natives

1.      Italians Saco and Vanzetti murder case in South Braintree, Massachusetts

2.      Identified as anarchists: spoke openly of their beliefs

3.      Very unlikely that they committed it because of their employment

4.      Found guilty and electrocuted in 1927

5.      Case becomes an international issue and flashpoint over whether or not we should have immigrants

1.      Agrees with 100% Americanism
2.      KKK became popular and PUBLIC
      a.       From 3 - 8 million members nationwide
      b.      7 states elected officials that were KKK
      c.       Parade.
3.      Promote their vision as the American way of life.
4.      Against “melting plot”
      a.       Anti-immigration
      b.      Anti-Catholic
      c.       Anti-colored
5.      Reasserted a traditional American identity
      a.       Shaped fear of change and modernism to favor tradition

1.      Coming out of the devastation of WWI and seeing a change of beliefs

a.       Influenza

b.      Race Riots (Summer of 1919)

c.       Younger generation wants to change because of WWI hardships and failure of traditions

d.      Older generation wants to return to traditions lost in modern society that they believe led to problems