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| Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which triggered the Austro-Hungarians to pledge war against Serbia, which then initiated World War I. |
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| Bosnian Serb who assassinated Franz Ferdinand, setting off a chain of events beginning World War I. |
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| Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, they seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. |
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| Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom. |
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| Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. First leader of USSR |
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| Expelled by Stalin; disciple of Marx; friend of Bolshevik; organized the victorious Red Army; follower of Lenin. |
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The military and political leader who brought about the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of modern Turkey. He was promoted to general at the age of 35 and given command of the army near the Black Sea port of Samsun. He defied the Sultan's orders to quash opposition and instead built an army of his own to fight for independence from European control. The Sultan ordered his arrest, but 1919- 1923 he successfully fought off foreign armies as well as opposition forces from Turkey. On 23 October 1923 the national parliament declared the existence of the Republic of Turkey with Kemal as president. His fifteen years in office were turbulent -- he ruled as a dictator as he attempted political and social reforms -- "father of the Turks." |
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| Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of Communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953. |
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| Socialist nation in Eurasia formed in 1922 by Joseph Stalin after a period of chaos in Russia. AKA Soviet Union, it lasted until 1991 after aggressive policies and multiple wars. Dominated by the Communist party, it was known for its lack of political freedom. Emerged as one of two superpowers in 1945 alongside America, initiating the Cold War era. |
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| System of government, under the authority of a dictator. Rule through suppression of the opposition by means of terror and censorship |
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| Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy between the end of both World Wars. |
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| Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
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| 32nd President of the United States and only president to serve more than 2 terms. He was a major player in the events of 1933-1945 and led America through both the Great Depression and World War II. Initiated such plans as the New Deal and the Good Neighbor Policy. Considered one of the greatest United States presidents. Died in 1945 shortly before the end of World War II. |
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| Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. |
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| The democratic government of Germany between the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the assumption of power by Adolf Hitler; it was unpopular because of its acceptance of the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles |
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| National Socialist Party (Nazis) |
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| Also known as the Nazi party; led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles; took power in Germany in 1933. |
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| Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II and initiated the Holocaust. |
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| Area of land which covered the whole occupied and de-militarized zone to the west of the Rhine including the bridge-heads on the eastern banks. Taken back by Hitler when it was given away in the Treaty of Versailles. |
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| British prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression. Held to a policy of appeasement, which particularly applied to Munich Conference agreements; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939. |
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| Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (following the victory of the Spanish Civil War) |
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| Led Britain to victory during World War II as Prime Minister(1940-1945); responsible for British resistance to German air assaults. Succeeded Chamberlain; known for his great, inspirational speeches among the Allies. Britain's "great man" during World War II (UK's FDR or Hitler). |
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| American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II. |
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| American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war. |
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Hiroshima: City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
Nagasaki: Long a port open to Dutch traders; one of two Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in 1945; devastation of these cities caused Japanese surrender without invasion of home islands |
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| A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid 1920’s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930’s , but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the communist after World War II. |
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| Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). |
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| Group of non-communist islands off the eastern coast of China. Began in 1911 after the Wuchang Rebellion. At the end of World War II, with the surrender of Japan, it took over Taiwan and Penghu from the Japanese Empire. Lost its foothold in China with the Chinese Civil War, causing its relocation to Taiwan. |
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| People’s Republic of China |
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| Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang. |
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| One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1970s, and emerged as China's most influential leader in the early 1980s. Pushed the unique idea of a "socialist market economy" |
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| Communist Vietnamese Nationalist, trained in Europe, fought Japanese, French, and US. Wanted to unite Vietnam |
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| Political leader of South Vietnam; established as president with United States support in the 1950s; opposed Communist government of North Vietnam; overthrown by military coup supported by United States. |
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| Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform. |
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| A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. Fought from 1910 to 1917. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. |
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| One of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government. |
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| President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education. |
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| Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after military coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became president in 1946; forced into exile in 1955; returned and won presidency in 1973. |
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| Chilean military leader who deposed the communist, elected leader, Salvador Allende in a coup. Created one party rule dictatorship and ruled with an iron fist, infamous for human rights abuses. |
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| Cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958; initiated series of reforms to establish Socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on USSR. Believed too much of Cuban nation controlled by foreign interests, adopts Communist-state-controlled/nationalized economy |
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| Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967. |
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| 35th president of the United States, serving from 1961-his assassination in 1963. Involved in the Bay of Pigs Invasoin, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam. |
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| Encompasses the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s. Reformed the society and economy of Nicaragua along somewhat socialistic lines. |
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| Polish shipyard worker, protests Soviet control - founded Solidarity movement - anti-Communists + Catholics working against Communism |
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| Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. |
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| Republic of Southeastern Europe, which attempted to secede from Russia in 1994. When Russia tried to stop them, they proceeded through two devastating Guerrilla wars. |
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| Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. Lived in S. Africa from 1893-1915, defended rights of Indian living under apartheid(areas that has racism), and returned to India as a central figure in freedom movement, nonviolent resistance. |
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| Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). |
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| Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights |
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| Northwestern region of India, east of Pakistan |
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| Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956. Was also an army officer and politician who served as both prime minister (1954-56) and president (1956-58). His nationalism of the Suez Canal precipitatedan international crisis in 1956. |
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| Central African ethnic group. Belgian colonizers placed the Tutsi people above them, causing hostility and repression. After a mass genocide of them in 1972 and the assassination of the first president of this ethnicity, all-out war broke-out between the two, culminating in the Rwandan genocide in 1994. |
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Central African ethnic group. Belgian colonizers placed them above the Hutu, resulting in hostility and repression. After conducting a mass genocide of the Hutu people in 1972, and assassinating the first Hutu president, all-out war broke-out between the two, culminating in the Rwandan genocide in 1994.
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| Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F. W. De Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country's history. |
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| 2nd president of Indonesia 1967-1998. He controlled Indonesia with force and political maneuvering |
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| Led Israel to victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and helped build the state institutions and oversaw the absorption of vast numbers of Jews from all over the world. |
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| An Israeli general and politician, who served as Israel’s 11th Prime Minister. Played a part in the massacre by Lebanese militias of Palestinian civilians in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila. Led construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. |
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| Leader of terrorist organization wanting to evict Israelis, regain homeland, represenation for Palestinian people. Later became a political party |
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| Shah of Iran (1925–41). He began as an army officer and gained a reputation for great valor and leadership. He headed a coup in 1921 and became prime minister of the new regime in 1923. He negotiated the evacuation of the Russian troops and of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I. Virtually a dictator, he deposed the last shah of the Qajar dynasty, and was proclaimed shah of Iran. Thus he founded the Pahlevi dynasty, and changed the name of Persia to Iran. Introduced many reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances. He abolished all special rights granted to foreigners, thus gaining real independence for Iran. Under his rule the Trans-Iranian RR was built, the Univ. of Tehran was established, and industrialization was stepped-up. |
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| Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. Leader of Iranian Revolution, in which a group of students supporting him seized US embassy in 1979, which began stage of anti-US sentiment. Fundamentalist theocracy. |
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| Current leader of Iran (elected 2005 and 2009) and controversial figure. Refuses to recognize Israel as a state, launched gas rationing programs, and is known for a disregard for human rights. |
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| President of Iraq since 1979. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Executed in 2006 by hanging after capture by invading United States' forces |
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| Founder of the terrorist organization known as Al-Qaeda and is allegedly the culprit of the 9/11 attacks on the United States in addition to various other acts of violence towards citizens. Slipped into hiding to escape the wrath of the American government and is currently a high-priority fugitive. The figurehead of terrorism to the United States. |
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| Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. |
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| Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. |
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| The German plan to destroy France and gain victory over the Western Front during the first month of World War I. A counterattack by the French on the outskirts of Paris prevented the Germans. Plan written by Alfred von Schlieffen. |
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| A type of combat where opposing troops fight one another in trenches to avoid open battlefields. Conditions are extremely poor, hygienically. |
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| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare |
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| A type of combat where submarines are used to fight against opposing forces underwater. Was used heavily in the Baltic Sea against Russia forces. |
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| United States foreign policy after World War I, in which U.S. refused to join the League of Nations or engage in diplomatic alliances; lasted until U.S. entry into World War II. |
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a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmerman, in 1917, to the German ambassador during World War I in anticipation of the resumption of submarine warfare by the Germans, which was feared would draw the neutral United States into war on the side of the Allies. It was forwarded to the German ambassador in Mexico. It instructed the Ambassador that if the United States appeared likely to enter the war he was to approach the Mexican government with a proposal to reclaim the area lost in the Gadsden Purchase as well as facilitate an alliance between Germany and Japan. It was intercepted and decoded by the British, which caused public outrage that contributed to the United States' declaration of war against Germany.
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| Ended World War I (1919); provided for the League of Nations; also punished Germany with loss of territories and the payment of reparations as a result of their "war guilt"; Russia also lost territories with the reestablishment of Eastern European nations such as Poland. |
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| Article 231/War Guilt Clause |
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| Issued during Treaty of Versailles, saying Germany must accept full blame |
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| Speech given by Woodrow Wilson during the Paris Peace Conference. 1. end to secret treaties, 2. freedom of the seas, 3. arms reduction, 4. decolonization, 5. self-determination, 6. League of Nations |
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| International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member. |
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| Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. |
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| Spread in 1918-1920 and mounted into an epidemic. The deadliest natural disaster in human history, infecting 1/3 of the population and killing 1.6 billion people. Reciprocal relationship with World War I, in that it caused heavy losses on both sides and the close proximity and travel of soldiers aided the spread and mutation of the virus. |
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| An anti-imperialist movement beginning in Beijing on May 4, 1919 protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles. Sparked national protests and marked rise of Chinese nationalism. |
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| Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background |
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| Series of orders issued by Lenin calling soviets to take power and called for new communist policies. Sparked the July Days and October Revolution |
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| Signed between the revolutionary government of Russia and Germany in March 1918; Russia withdrew from World War I and granted substantial territories to Germany in return for peace. |
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| Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover. |
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Replacement of Lenin's New Economic Policy by Stalin. Introduced in order to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.
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| New form of government created during the interwar years in Italy. Uses modern tech, bureaucracy to control everyone, imposed censorship, controlled culture, put dissidents in prison, and used propaganda to create cult of personality. |
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| Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes. |
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| New activism of the West European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning |
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| The parliament of Germany, disbanded in 1945. |
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| Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. |
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| Coalition of opposing forces against the Axis powers of World War II. Composed of various countries including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, Greece, India, China, the Netherlands, New Zealand, France, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, South Africa, and Yugoslavia. Led by the "Big Three": The United States, the United Kingdom, and the USSR. |
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| Program in which the United States supplied the UK, the Soviet Union, China, France, and other Allied nations with war material between 1941-1945. |
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| German word for "leader". Was used as an epithet for Adolph Hitler by the Germans. |
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| Hitler's plan to have Germany reign for a Thousand Year Empire over Europe - lasted 6 years. |
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Antisemitic laws enacted in Germany during 1935. Classified people as German if all four of their grandparents were German, while Jews were those descending from three or four Jewish grandparents. Those with mixed blood were deigned "mischlings". Deprived Jewish people of citizenship and prohibited marriage between Germans and Jews.
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| Munich Conference of 1938 |
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| Meeting concerning Germany's occupation of portions of Czechoslovakia in 1938; after receiving Hitler's assurances that he would take no more land, Western leaders agreed to the division of Czechoslovakia. |
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| The policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace. Policy of Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression; particularly applied to Munich Conference agreements; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939. |
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| Agreement between Stalin and Hitler to not fight each other, but to invade and divide up Poland |
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| Code name for the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Largest military offensive invasion, and its failure led to Hitler's continued hostility and warfare with the Soviet Union. |
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| Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere |
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| Name given to Asian region Japan wanted to conquer, kick out Europeans, control resources |
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| Agreement concluded between Nazi Germany and Japan in 1936, and directed against Comintern. |
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| Alliance of Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940; created alliance system for World War II. |
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| Air campaign between Britain and Germany in summer and fall of 1940 to gain air independence. First major campaign fought primarily through aerial combat. |
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| U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. |
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| War fought between Britain and Germany in El Alamein=Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. |
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| City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. |
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| June 6, 1944 - Invasion of Normandy, sets up Western Front against Germany, USSR pleased, AKA Operation Overlord. |
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| Codename for a project conducted in mainly 1942-1946 by the Allies during WWII to develop the atomic bomb out of fear that the Germans had begun a similar project. Led by the United States, and included the UK and Canada. |
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| Term for Hitler's attempted genocide of European Jews during World War II; resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews. |
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| “Crimes against humanity” |
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| are particularly odious offences in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings. They are not isolated or sporadic events, but are part either of a government policy or of a wide practice of atrocities tolerated or condoned by a government or a de facto authority. |
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| Characteristics that match the mainstream opinion of a region or nation |
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| 1915: Young turk leaders killed millions and sent hundreds of Armenians to Russia and Middle East to cover up the blunders of reverses on the Russian Front |
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| Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933; intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics. |
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| Institutional Revolutionary Party |
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| Group in Mexico. Granted suffrage and right to strike, but was actually an oligarchy that chose the president, upper class prospers, country modernizes, but middle class small & lower class grew to enormous proportions |
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| Program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance. |
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| United States was prepared to send any money, equipment, or military force to countries that were threatened by the communist government. Assisted countries in the resistance against communism. |
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| Conference at Yalta and Potsdam |
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| Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war. |
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| Stalin shuts off trains, planes, roads into East Berlin - attempt to cut off western influence. Failed due to the Berlin Airlift. |
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| Response by Allied Powers to Berlin Blockade in 1948-1949, in which they dropped supplies in Western Berlin. Provided supplies and western influence to the city, defeating the Berlin Blockade. |
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| Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was torn down at end of Cold War in 1991. Served as symbol for the Iron Curtain between Western Europe and Eastern Bloc. |
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| The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare. |
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| The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Served to complete the balance of power. |
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| Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the Western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression. |
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| Where the US prevented the spread of Communism by establishing the Truman Doctrine to aid nations threatened by communism. |
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| Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. Represented by the Berlin Wall. |
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| Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty |
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| Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. Was signed in 1968. |
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| Decolonization/national liberation |
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| Following WWII - nations pushed to be free of European control. Meanwhile, Europe focused on their own issues, allowing decolonization at varying degrees based on settler population |
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| Founded by Chinese Communist leader and theorist Mao Zedong, who led the Long March (1934–1935) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949. He then initiated the Great Leap Forward and the founding of communes. He continued as party chairman after 1959 and was a leading figure in the Cultural Revolution (1966–1969). |
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| Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960. |
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| Chinese revolution whose goal was to discourage a privileged ruling class from forming, he instituted reforms that erased any influence from the West, intellectuals were sent to collective farms for “cultural restraining”, political dissidents were imprisoned or killed. Mao’s Little Red Book became a symbol of the forced egalitarianism. |
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| A 6 week period following Japan's capture of China's former capital of Nanjing. During this period, 100,000's of civilians of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped by soldiers. |
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| 1901 revision of the Army Appropriations Act. Stipulated the conditions for withdrawal of United States troops in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined relations between Cuba and the U.S. Ensured U.S involvement in Cuban affairs. |
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| Revolt in Cuba led by Fidel Castro. Overthrows Cuban government because it believed too much of Cuban nation was controlled by foreign interests. A Communist-state-controlled/nationalized economy was adopted in favor. |
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| Failed attempt by US supported and trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. Its failure embarasses US and increases Cuban-US tension |
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| Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. |
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| Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. |
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| Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture. |
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| Mikhail Gorbachev instituted this policy of political liberation in Soviet Union in the late 1980s. Urged perestroika of the soviet economy. |
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| Mass expulsion or killings of a certain ethnic or religious group; eg. the Armenian genocide, the holocaust, or the Rwandan Genocide. |
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| British fire on unarmed protesters, Gandhi goes to prison, British get more restrictive |
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| Passive resistance (satyagraha) |
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| Literally, "truth-force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British colonialism. |
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| A civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Gandhi's call for immediate independence. Resulted in the imprisonment of most of the Congress members for World War II. |
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| The separation of British India in 1947 into Pakistan and India. Based on religious demographics. (Hindu and Islam) |
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| 1975-1979 Cambodian leaders who were responsible for 1.7 million deaths, starvation, relocation, and murder as an attempt at ruralification |
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| Belgians placed Tutsis above the Hutu based on racial differences, which divided the Rwandans arbitrarily. Led to centuries of frustration, eventually leading to Hutus slaughtering Tutsis |
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| Followers of Zionism: Movement originating in Eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine |
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| Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. |
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| A war between Israel and the neighboring Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Ended with Israel gaining control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, and the West Bank. |
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| US moderated peace talks between Egypt and Israel - broke down Arab unity, Egypt loses influence in Arab matters |
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| An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; has been increasingly associated in the late 20th century with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism. |
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| Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) |
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| A group that works to create a state for Palestinians, created in 1964. Used violence to meet demands until Yasser Arafat signed a series of Peace Treaties with the Israeli Prime Minister. |
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| Palestinian Arabs fighting against Israeli occupation of Gaza Strip/West Bank. |
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| A Palestinian Islamic Sunni organization, which began in 1987. The group wants to build an Islamic Palestinian state in what is now Israel, Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. |
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Palestinian nationalist party created by Yasser Arafat in the late 1950's. While the party itself is not considered a terrorist group, its military is.
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| An Islamic political party and military organization created in 1982 during the Lebanese Civil War. Its main goal was to combat Western influence and create an Islamic state in Lebanon. |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
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| Oil cartel that determines supply of oil - of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since |
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| A prohibition by a government on certain/all trade with a foreign nation - method of pressuring a nation diplomatically |
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| A dam on the Nile River which protects farms, makes energy, saves water, prevents flooding, and aids in fishing. |
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Islamic movement beginning in Afghanistan in 1994. Ruled the country from 1996-2001, enforcing restrictions on freedom, violations of human rights, and leaving Afghanistan in ruins. Overthrown by the United States after its refusal to turn over Osama bin Laden and other prospective terrorists tied to the 9/11 attacks.
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| International Islamic fundamentalist organization. Goal was to reduce outside influence upon Islamic affairs. Believed to be the perpetrator of terrorist attacks upon the United States. |
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| Free trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to provide benefits from economic alliances. |
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| Economic alliance between European countries. Started as European Economic Community, an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Swede, Austria, Finland. It was to create a single economy across national boundaries in 1958. Currently the most successful alliance in the world, and provides great wealth and trade among European nations. |
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| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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| International body that sets the rules for global trade - competitive trading, but give chance for developing nations to join, must follow certain civil rights codes |
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| Agreement made by the WTO, which stipulates that countries have to lower barriers to international trade, such as tax on goods crossing borders. This means that businesses can operate in many different countries. |
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| Canada, France, Italy, US, Germany, UK, Japan, Russian Federation - represent 70% of world's economy - meet annually for economic/political discussions |
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World War I. Battle among Allied and Axis powers; began with Serbian assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Various alliances and bad moves left Europe in all-out war, ending two years after the United State's entry after the Zimmerman Telegram. Involved almost all European nations and their respective colonies; arose over conflict in the Balkans; resulted in victory of allied countries of Britain, France, Italy, and the United States; ended with Treaty of Versailles.
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| Russian Revolution; took Russia out of the war and put Lenin in power. Led to communism, USSR, and the industrialization of Russia. |
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| International economic crisis following WWI. Began With the collapse of the American stock market and caused mass unemployment. |
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| Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Step towards war with military government, renames it Manchuko, invades mainland China and commits atrocities |
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| Italian invasion of Ethiopia without a declaration of war, and the League of Nations unanimously declared Italy an aggressor but took no effective action. Ethiopians were massively outmatched by Italian technology and warfare. |
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German blitzkriek of Poland. German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories. Marked the start of World War II
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| Pearl Harbor. American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility. Crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into World War II. |
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| Soviets defeat Germans at Stalingrad. One of the turning points of the war and one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare. Major German land defeat due to Operation Uranus, which led to the annihilation of the offensive forces. |
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| D-Day. Refers to the Normandy landings, which initiated the Allied attempt to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation. |
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| End of World War II: nuclear bombs (Asia) and mass surrender (Europe). Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin took away German leadership. |
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| Freedom and partition of India. Latter was based on religious demographics, splitting it into Muslim Pakistan and the Hindu India. |
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| Foundation of the Jewish state of Israel after thousands of years of diaspora and various movements (Zionism). Country in West Asia on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. |
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| Chinese Communist Revolution comes to an end, with Mao Zedong proclaiming the People's Republic of China with its capital at Beijing |
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| Korean War; conflict between Democratic People's Republic of Korea (China and Soviet Union) and the the Republic of Korea (UN). Lasted for three years over political division, ending with an armistice. |
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| Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu. Confrontation between French forces and Vietnamese Communist Revolutionaries. Influenced negotiations over the future of Indochina. |
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| De-Stalinization/Nationalization of Suez canal when Gamal Abdul Nasser ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone and nationalized it. |
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Suez Crisis. The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.
Led to the creation of the first UN peacekeeping force to ensure access to the canal for all by Lester Pearson |
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| Cuban Revolution. Revolt which overthrew the dictator Fulgencio Batista, replacing him with Fidel Castro. Transformed Cuba into communist nation. |
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| Cuban Missile Crisis. Soviets were installing their missiles in Cuba and President Kennedy established a naval blockade around Cuba. If the missiles were launched the US would retaliate against the Soviet Union. The Soviets backed down and Americans promised not to invade Cuba. |
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6-day war. Fought between Egypt and Israel; was disastrous for Egypt and one of the failed foreign adventures under Gamal Abdul Nasser, adding to the regime’s problems
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| Chinese Cultural Revolution. Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation |
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| Yom Kippur War. War between Israel and a coalition of Arab states backing up Egypt and Syria, beginning with a surprise attack on Yom Kippur (hence the name). Ended with near-confrontation between the nuclear superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union. (AKA Six Day War). |
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| Iranian Revolution; Transformed Iran from pro-Western nation to fundamentalist Islamic nation. It became a religious theocracy |
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| 1st Palestinian Intifada; Palestinian Arabs fighting against Israeli occupation of Gaza Strip and West Bank |
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| Tiananmen Square; In China, student led protest which believed the Communist government was too corrupt and repressive. Despite action, government doesn’t permit democratic reform. (lone man in front of tanks) |
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| Fall of the Berlin Wall; Symbolic end of the Cold War - divide between East and West Berlin - protesters threatened to take apart and military didn't stop them. |
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| 1st Gulf War. Led by United States and various European and Middle Eastern allies, against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. The war led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime. |
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| Fall of USSR; Followed a period of weakness and crumbling and an attempted salvage effort by Gorbachev. While his liberalization effort improved relations with the West, he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. Original vote was 9/15 for preserving, but after an attempted coup, the provinces voted against it until its dissolution. |
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| Rwandan genocide; Belgians placed Tutsis above the Hutu based on racial differences, which divided the Rwandans arbitrarily. Led to centuries of frustration, eventually leading to Hutus slaughtering Tutsis |
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| All race election in South Africa with the end of apartheid. Led by Nelson Mandela: Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F. W. De Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country's history. |
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9/11 Attacks; terrorist bombing of the Twin Towers in New York. Speculated to be committed by Al Qaeda under the leadership of Osama Bin Laden. Led to United States' involvement in the Middle East-invade Afghanistan for sheltering Osama and invade Iraq for WMD's.
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