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| Series of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production. (p. 704) |
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Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal. (p. 651)
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Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa. (p. 652)
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| Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America. (p. 699) |
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| Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. (p. 700) |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the |
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| Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements. (p. 700) |
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| Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes. (p. 702) |
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| Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850. (p. 708) |
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| Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. (p. 702) |
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Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War. (p. 767)
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| Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man. (p. 713) |
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| Indian National Congress Party |
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| Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period. (p. 963) |
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| Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade. (p. 799) |
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| Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule. (p. 494) |
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| Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry. (p. 800) |
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| Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials.(p. 801) |
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| an ethnic group of people spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa. The countries in Africa where they are present include Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, The Gambia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Chad, Togo, the Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, and as far as Sudan in the east. |
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| He is widely credited with uniting many of the Northern Nguni people, specifically the Mtetwa Paramountcy and the Ndwandwe into the Zulu kingdom, the beginnings of a nation that held sway over the large portion of southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers, and his statesmanship and vigour marked him as one of the greatest Zulu chieftains. |
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| British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament; led abolition of English slave trade in 1807. (p. 650) |
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| Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto. (p. 650) |
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| King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732) |
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| Dutch settlers that move into interior of South Africa, later conflict with Zulus and British |
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| country founded by freed American slaves, one of two countries that didn't fall to colonialism during scramble for Africa |
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| American inventor who invent the cotton gin in 1793 (granted a patent on March 14, 1794) to mechanize the production of cotton fiber. Led to increase of Atlantic Slave Trade |
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| Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. (p. 607) |
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| American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 703) |
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| Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. (p. 715) |
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| Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. (p. 715) |
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| Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. (p.536) |
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| American revolutionary and author of "Common Sense" which advocated separation from Britain and republican government |
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| German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). (p. 709) |
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| Workers in Britain (1810–1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd. (p. 706) |
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| Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591) |
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| Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution whose economic policies provided incentive for the Revolution (1792). (p. 700) |
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| Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589) |
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| Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588) |
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| Austrian diplomat at the Congress of Vienna |
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| Italian national hero for military expeditions in Europe and South America famed for leading the Italian legion during the War of Farrapos and the Uruguayan Civil War. |
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| Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king. (p. 711) |
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| King of Sardinia. Aid Count Camillo Cavour push nationalism towards the unification of Italy. |
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| Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. (p. 711) |
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| Russian Tsar who forced to implement liberal reforms, Modernize Russia, Emancipation of serfs in 1861, lightened censorship, widened powers of local govt, 1881, and was assassinated by anarchists |
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| Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women. (p. 537) |
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| German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 774) Also participated in the Manhattan Project |
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| Viennese physician (19th-20th centuries); developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses, which contributed to a diminishing of faith in reason. (p. 716) |
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| Pierre Toussaint L'Ourvertnure |
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| (1743-1803) Freed black in E Saint-Domingue=lead Haitian slave revolts and establish alliance with Spanish rulers against slave system-Saint Domingue and French. Incorporate rhetoric of French Revolution and link with France when it abolish slaver in 1794-effective ruler of Saint Domingue by 1800. Captured in 1802 by French. |
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| Leader of Haitian revolts and the first independent ruler of Haiti, crowning himself emperor in 1805. Successor of Toussaint L'Ourvertnure after his capture in 1802. |
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| Man of many talents=dominate public life in Latin America: 1810-death in 1830. Study in Europe and return to help Venezuelan revolt but=exiled in 1814. Write "Manifesto of Cartagena" and "Letter from Jamaica"=inspire and outline plight of Latin America. Return and defeat Spanish in 1819-->create Republic of Columbia. Liberate Venezuela and Ecuador-2 years with the aid of Jose San Martin. Capture Peru and upper Peru in 1825. Dreams-unified nation=ended with warfare among generals-->break up into nations. Try to hold together but leave in 1830 after assassination attempt and later die from tuberculosis |
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| Man of many talents=dominate public life in Latin America: 1810-death in 1830. Study in Europe and return to help Venezuelan revolt but=exiled in 1814. Write "Manifesto of Cartagena" and "Letter from Jamaica"=inspire and outline plight of Latin America. Return and defeat Spanish in 1819-->create Republic of Columbia. Liberate Venezuela and Ecuador-2 years with the aid of Jose San Martin. Capture Peru and upper Peru in 1825. Dreams-unified nation=ended with warfare among generals-->break up into nations. Try to hold together but leave in 1830 after assassination attempt and later die from tuberculosis |
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| leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; successful in 1816 |
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| First non-military and full-blooded indigenous leader of Mexico, famed for his resistance of French occupation, overthrowing the Empire and restoring the Republic, and modernization of the country. |
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| Portuguese King who ruled in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 because of Napoleon’s invasion |
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| Son of King Pedro and king of Brazil for most of the 19th century through a stable monarchy. |
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| (1753-1811) Father in Mexico=lead 1st wave of Mexico's revolt until executed in 1811. Succeeded by Father Jose Maria Morelos. |
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| Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. |
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| Son of Alexander II and Tsar of Russia famed for his repression and reactionism. |
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| Doesn’t react to revolution, socialists organize, tried to rally Russians around the flag but lost against Japanese |
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| A major mountain range of southeast Europe extending about 563 km (350 mi) from eastern Yugoslavia through central Bulgaria to the Black Sea. Known as the most dangerous place on Earth, due to the presence of many different racial groups in the region. WWI starts here. |
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| Members of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century. |
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| Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721) |
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| Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768) |
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| Region of Southeast Asia east of India and south of China. |
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| English civil and mechanical engineer who built the first public railway using steam engines in the world. |
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| American contributor to the invention of a single-wired telegraph system and co-inventor of Morse code. |
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| Scientist, inventor, and engineer credited with the invention of the telephone |
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| Orville and Wilbur Wright |
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| Two Americans who are credited with building and inventing the first successful airplane and achieving heavier-than-air human flight. |
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| German engineer and industrialist who invented the first high-speed petrol engine, the first four-wheel automobile, and a pioneer in combustion engines and automobile development. |
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| Queen of France and Navarre, married to Louis XVI. Imprisoned during the French Revolution until her execution by guillotine in 1793. |
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| During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes. Began in Britain. |
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| In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459) |
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| The change from rural to urban lifestyle occurring during the Industrial Revolution as nations changed to stage 2 of the demographic transition. |
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| A bacterial infection caused by the consumption of infected water causing severe diarrhea and vomiting. Common during the Industrial Revolution due to a lack of a proper sewage system and large concentrations of people. |
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| African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands. (p. 659) |
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| France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585) |
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| French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791) begun with the declaration of the Third Estate that they would become a "people" instead of an "estate" in the form of the national assembly, and swore the Tennis Court Oath that they would not stop until France was given a constitution. |
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| July 14th, 1789: the storming of the Bastille fortress-prison, which symbolized the uprising of the French people. |
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| Committee of Public Safety |
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| Created in April 1793 by the National Convention and the instigator of the Reign of Terror. Composed of Jacobins under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre. Responsible for the execution of thousands for allegedly supporting monarchy or opposing the revolution. Disbanded in 1795 with the execution of Robespierre. |
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| The period (1793-95) where the monarchy and aristocracy were targeted along with opponents of the French Revolution. Instigated by the Committee of Public Safety. |
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| The government of revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799 |
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| French civil code created by Napoleon in 1804 which granted freedom of religion, specified that no privilege would be based on birth, and that government jobs went to those best qualified. Strongly influenced the world in its big step towards a clear, accessible law code. |
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| Battle fought on June 18, 1815, and marked the end of Napoleon with his defeat by the combined forces of the Seventh Coalition, the Prussian army, and an Anglo-allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington. Occurred after Napoleon's return from exile, and resulted in his defeat and his more permanent exile which led to his death. |
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| Revolt of slaves on the island of Saint-Domingue led by Toussaint L’Ouverture and the only successful slave revolt in history. Their victory dissuaded Napoleon from colonizing America, resulting in the sale of the Louisiana Purchase. |
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| The sale of France's claim to midwest North America to the United States in 1803 for 15 million dollars. This was caused by the Haitian Rebellion, which discouraged Napoleon from colonizing the territory. |
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| Conflict between the Second French Empire and Prussia, who was aided by Germany, led by Otto von Bismarck. The end of the war resulted in the end of the second French empire, the downfall of Napoleon III, and the unification of Germany. |
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| The granting of voting rights to all adult male citizens, first enacted in France during the French Revolution. |
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| A political scandal that divided france over the conviction of a man (wrongful conviction) Of spying for the Germans during World War One. he was accused and convicted of treason, and when two years later information proving him innocent was brought forth, he was not let go. |
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| A system of economics in which means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned, profits gained in free market |
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| Laissez-faire is short for "laissez-faire, laissez-passer," a French phrase meaning idiomatically "leave to do, leave to pass" or more accurately "let things alone, let them pass". First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. Laissez-faire economic policy is in direct contrast to statistic economic policy. |
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| Adam Smith's most famous concept stating that markets guide economic activity, allocating resources through prices, which rise when there is a shortage of a commodity and fall when it is plentiful. |
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| Extending a nations authority over another nations economy/politics (new driving force behind Latin American revolutions) |
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| Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731) |
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| System of government in which every one is equal, property is owned by the government. |
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| One of the Factory Acts which attempted to establish a regular work day in the textile industry and limiting child labor. |
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| A union is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues; emerged at the end of the Industrial Revolution |
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| Women's Suffrage Movement |
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| Suffrage in Western Europe after World War I, but in 1950s flourished - Feminine Mystique novel - women want choice - 1950-2006 saw unprecedented changes in gender equity - now women surpass men educationally, gov'ts step in to guarantee fair treatment - inequities, harassment still exist |
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| The belief that one achieves more than others by genetic or biological superiority |
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| Treaty made between U.S and Tokugawa shogunate in 1854 that opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to United States ships and the protection of ship-wrecked American sailors. Officially ended the National Seclusion Policy. |
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| A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. (p. 460) |
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| The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs. (p. 661) |
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| Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain |
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| A conflict between China and France over the control of Vietnam. The French ultimately achieved their goal, but the Chinese had many individual military victories |
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| A treaty between china and Japan that ended the first Sino Japanese war. |
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| The area in which a country or coalition holds full power or influence. In this area, the country has significant military or political influence. Also refers to non geographical power, not necessarily a literal “sphere” |
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| A concept in foreign affairs, specifically a policy with China, basically that any nation could trade directly with China, and there were no limits on trade with that nation. |
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| The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism |
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| Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization |
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| War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious, giving Japan power over Korea and Manchuria |
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| Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization in South Africa |
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| African National Congress |
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| South African political organization founded in 1912 to present |
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| Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882 |
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| Freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child |
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| Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection |
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| A movement of artists who made a deliberate break with all previous styles of art that had come before them. |
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| Established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence. |
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| A massacre in Saint Petersburg, Russia that led to the 1905 Russian Revolution. Perpetuated by Tsar Nicholas II. |
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| National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution |
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| American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade |
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| Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting the United State's right to intervene in Latin American affairs |
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| Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 |
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| War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. |
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| Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America |
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| Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States |
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| A popular term referring to the foreign policy of the William Howard Taft Administration using diplomacy to protect U.S. investments abroad and utilizing economic incentives to uphold or direct foreign policy |
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| Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan |
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| The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful |
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| 'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. |
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| Any of various small-grained annual cereal and forage grasses of the genera Panicum, Echinochloa, Setaria, Sorghum, and Eleusine |
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| Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all of Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848 |
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| The Chinese name for their country, so called because they believed it was the center of the world. |
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| Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household |
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| Nationalist Party/Kuomintang |
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| Nationalist Party in China led by Jiang Jieshi, which began a war against the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Both fought for control of China, with Mao and the Communists ultimately winning in 1949 |
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| The guard room in the old Fort William, at Calcutta, India where troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, held British prisoners of war after the capture of the Fort |
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| The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government |
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| Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed |
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| Fought on 1 March 1896 between Ethiopia and Italy near the town of Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray. It was the climactic battle of the First Italo–Ethiopian War |
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| Maji Maji revolt/Herero Wars |
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| a violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of Tanganyika, an uprising by several indigenous African communities in German East Africa against the German rule in response to a German policy designed to force African peoples to grow cotton for export |
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| A penal camp where political prisoners or prisoners of war are confined (usually under harsh conditions), used by Nazi Germans to confine Jews, and by United States government to confine Japanese citizens, both during the second World War. |
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| 7 years war + French and Indian War. War start between Great Britain, France, and their allies in North America in 1754 and war breakout in Europe in 1756 with the French siege of British Minorca. Prussia, German states, Portugal (not until later)and Great Britain vs. alliance of Austria, France, Saxony, Sweden, Spain(not until later)and Russia (change sides at end). Treaty of Paris in 1763 concede France's rights to North America east of the Mississippi River, Canada, and various islands. Generally described as "First World War" due to its large scale and major effect on balance of power. |
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| American Revolution + "Wealth of Nations". Former=rebellion of British colonies against Great Britain, inspired by the Enlightenment and would inspire various other revolutions in France and Haiti. Constitution based upon Enlightenment thought and English Bill of Rights and=basis of other constitutions. Latter=book of Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith, which signaled the arrival of a new philosophy of economic organization called capitalism, an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and goods and services are exchanged according to levels of supply and demand. |
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| The French Revolution. Inspired by the success of the American Revolution, but entirely different affair. Internal revolt against entrenched feudal, clerical, and monarchical privilege within the most populous and most powerful European state of its time. It unleashed powerful, combative internal factions, none of which could control the direction or the velocity of revolutionary events inside or outside of France. Affected most of the world due to its revolutionary ideas, its introduction of the Napoleonic Wars, and its creation of the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen". Had various stages: monarchy, revolt of poor, Reign of Terror, the directory, Napoleon, and a weakened monarchy. |
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| Haitian independence. The revolt of the slaves of Saint-Domingue against the French led by Toussaint L'Ouverture until his capture in 1802. Due to massive French losses due to disease and resistance, Napoleon withdrew his forces, allowing Haiti's declaration of independence on January 1. Caused Napoleon to sell France's territory in North America to the United States. |
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| Congress of Vienna. Was an assembly of representatives of all the powers of Europe, who restored the balance of power through diplomatic agreements after the Napoleonic Era. |
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| Independence in Latin America. Led by Simon Bolivar and, for a time, Jose San Martin. The former joined the liberated Venezuela with the latter's Chile, and Bolivar led the capture of Peru and Upper Peru (Bolivia). Although he dreamed of a unified continent, the various freed states dissolved into separate nations, forming present-day Latin America. |
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| First Opium war in China. Began with China's attempt to ban and resist the import of opium in order to staunch the drain of silver. Due to ideology's of "free trade" British ships resisted Lin Zexu's attempt to confiscate their opium by destroying Chinese ships and port installations in the harbor at Guangzhou. China was easily defeated due to its technological inferiority and led to the concession of Hong Kong as a colony in which foreigners could live and conduct business under their own laws, rights which were similarly granted to the United States and France. |
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| European revolutions + Marx and Engles write Communist Manifesto. European revolutions started with the French Revolution of 1848, spreading throughout Europe with the exception of Great Britain, the Netherlands, the Russian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. Every other European power; however, experienced social unrest and change due to inspiration from successful rebellions and the spread of such ideas as popular liberalism, nationalism, and socialism. Technological innovation and the process of industrialization also introduced a change into European society, for its necessary alterations produced new problems and ideas of how to solve them. The Communist Manifesto was published February 21 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and is often considered one of the world's most influential political documents. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle and the problems of capitalism. |
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| The Kanagawa Treaty was concluded between Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy and the Tokugawa shogunate. Opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to United States trade and guaranteed the safety of shipwrecked sailors. Established a foundation for the Americans to maintain permanent contact in Shimoda and triggered the end of the National Seclusion Policy. |
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| Sepoy Mutiny: The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs. New cartridges were given to the sepoys, who thought that they were made from grease. Because the majority of them were Muslim or Hindu, they refused to risk consuming the grease of a cow or pig, resulting in mutiny. |
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| End of Russian serfdom; which occurred on February 19 and was formalized on March 3./Italian unification; occurring on March 17th with Victor Emmanuel II as its king. |
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| Emancipation Proclamation in US. Issued by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War, and consisted of two executive orders. The first order declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederacy that did not return to Union control, and was applied on January 1 to 10 specific states. Committed the Union to ending slavery and inspired Southern slaves to flee north, contributing to the war effort. |
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| German unification under Otto von Bismarck, architect of German unification under Prussian king, William I, and utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. |
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| Berlin Conference/division of Africa=regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the era of Imperialism. Seen as the formalization of the scramble for Africa, and ushered in a time of colonial activity for European powers while eliminating African self-governance. |
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| Spanish-American War=caused by United State's struggle against Spain for the colonies of Cuba, Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, which were ceded to the United States through the Treaty of Paris. |
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| Boer War=two wars fought between Britain and the two independent Boer republics-South African Republic and the Orange Free State. With British victory, Great Britain gained control over South Africa. |
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| Russo-Japanese War=Conflict between Russia and Japan over Manchuria and Korea. Russia wished for a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean for both a navy and trade, but all negotiations between the two Empires were unsuccessful. Japan's amateur army proved superior over Russian power numerous times, humiliating the Russian people and provoking the Russian Revolution. |
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| Mexican Revolution=rebellion of urban and rural leaders against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz led by Francisco I. Madero. After Diaz' downfall, Mexico erupted into civil war among those competing for leadership. Began with revolt of the poor and ended with a new leader, Obregon, distributing 3 million acres of lands to peasants, which established the principles of the revolution, demonstrated good faith on the part of the state, and put new land into production. Similarly, the people were allowed representation, regardless of social class or ethnicity. |
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| Chinese Revolution=began with the Wuchang Uprising and ended with Emperor Puyi's abdication. Fought between Qing Dynasty and the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, which was motivated by a corrupt government, inability to restrain foreign powers, and the resentment of an ethnic minority in government, the Manchus. Ended with the formation of the Republic of China, although various revolutions occurred soon after until the formation of the People's Republic of China. Was the first attempt to establish a republic in China that managed to be successful, and formed the end of China's last dynasty. |
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