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| within a single individual, structures arising from the equivalent embryonic primordia of different segments and sharing a similar pattern of morphogenesis; antennae and legs of a grasshopper |
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| all segments and their appendages are similar or identical in structure, function, and position |
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| segments and appendages specialized for mnay different functions - result of natural selection |
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| anterior end of the arthropod; preoral; does not arise from teloblasts |
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| posterior end of the arthropod; postanal; does not arise from teloblasts |
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| the tendency to organize segments into regions having similar structure, function, and appendages |
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| a group of similar segments |
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| the development of an anterior tagma ( head, cephlon, or cephlothorax) responsible for sensory reception, neural integration, and feeding |
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| cylinder of hardened exoskeleton that joins, or articulates, with the body or another article |
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| appendage branch: one branch = uniramous (arachnids), 2 branches = biramous (crustaceans - endopod, exopod) |
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| separate plate of hardened cuticle; connected by soft, flexible cuticle know as articular membranes - articulation shape determines movement; typically segments are composed of 4 sclerites: 1 dorsal tergite, 2 lateral pleurites, 1 ventral sternite |
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| joint type with only one point of articulation between two articles; ball-and-socket |
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| joint type with two points of articulation, restricting movement to a single plane |
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| inner projection continuous with the exoskeleton (Fig. 16-1E) |
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flexor - decreases the angle between two sclerites
extensor - increases the angle between two sclerites |
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| thin, complex, water-resistant or water-proof layer of protein, lipoprotin, and sometimes wax, but no chitin |
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| layer composed of protein and chitin bound together to form glycoprotein; much thicker than the epicuticle |
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| articulated chitinous projection of exoskeleton; secreted by trichogen cells; tormogen cells create the flexible sockets for the setae |
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molting
Stages of ecdysis:
intermolt: tissue growth occurs
proecdysis: old cuticle detaches from the animal, but still covers it, new cuticle partially formed
ecdysis: removal of the old cuticle
postecdysis: new cuticle continues to form |
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| a space in the connective-tissue compartment derived from the embryonic blastocoel with contributions from the mesoderm; filled with blood |
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| one-way valves allowing blood to enter the heart from the pericardial sinus |
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| copper-based; most common respiratory pigment in arthropods |
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| iron-based; present in a few crustaceans and insects |
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| the expansion and filling phase of the heart cycle; contraction of alary muscles or suspensory ligament dialate, resulting in negative pressure in the lumen, ostia open and blood flows from the pericardial sinus into the heart |
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| the contraction and emptying phase of the heart cycle; contraction of the circular muscles of the heart wall pressurizes the blood, forcing it out of the heart lumen through arteries to the hemocoel; this also causes the ostia to close and the alary muscles and suspensory ligaments to stretch (storing energy to accomplish diastole) |
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| proximal screening pigment |
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A: Setae B: Socket C: Epicuticle D: Exocutical E: Endocuticle F: Epidermis G: Tormogen Cell H: Trichogen Cell I: Cuticle J: Procuticle |
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