Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reduction of feed particle size; generally by chewing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| casting up of undigested material |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of feed particles inot suitable products for absorption, including mechanical forces, chemical action, and enzyme activity |
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Term
| Digestion involves ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of substances form the GIT to the circulating blood or lymph system |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of metabolism in which complex molecules, such as the proteins and fats that make up body tissue, are formed from simpler ones |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of meatbolism in which energy, in the form of ATP, is produced by the breakdown of complex molecules, such as starches, proteins, and fats, inot simpler ones |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organsim by which its material substance is produced, maintained and destroyed, and by which energy is made available |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of waste products |
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Term
| Anabolism is a form of ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| species of animals that depend entirely on plants for food |
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Term
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Definition
| species of animals that feed almost entirely on flesh of other animals |
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Term
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Definition
| species of animals that consume both plants and flesh |
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Term
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Definition
| regurgitation of feed, remastication, resalivation, and finally reswallowing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Are humans carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores? |
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Definition
| find out for extra credit |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the crop in an animal such as a chicken? |
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Definition
| it is a structure that stores food |
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Term
| What is the gizzard in an animals such as a chicken? |
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Definition
| it is where the animal grinds up food via mechanical digestion using rocks |
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Term
| Put the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cecum in the horse in order from largest relative capacity to smallest. |
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Definition
| large intestine, small intestine, cecum, and stomach |
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Term
| Put the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cecum in the cow in order from largest relative capacity to smallest. |
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Definition
| stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cecum |
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Term
| Put the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cecum in the pig in order from largest relative capacity to smallest. |
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Definition
| small intestine, large intestine, stomach, cecum |
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Term
| What are the four basic digestive processes that digestive system perform? |
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Definition
| motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption |
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Term
| How are nutrients utilized for maintenance? |
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Definition
- necessary to prevent any loss or gain in weight
- maintain body temperature by producing heat
- energy for internal work: heart rate, breathing, and repair of body tissue
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Term
| How are nutrients utilized for growth? |
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Definition
| proteins, major minerals, and energy are needed |
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Term
| How are nutrients utilized for work or activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What things are nutrients utilized for? |
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Definition
| maintenance, growth, work/activity, reproduction, lactation, fattening, other |
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Term
| What is nutrient utilization like in a lactating animal compared to a pregnant animal? |
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Definition
| it is more efficient in a lactating animal |
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Term
| What other things are nutrients utilized for? |
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Definition
| wool growth, egg production |
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Term
| What factors affect the nutrient requirements of an animal? |
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Definition
- state of growth or age
- size of the animal
- environment
- heredity
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Term
| How does state of growth or age of an animal affect nutrient requirements? |
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Definition
| younger animals grow faster in proportion to their metabolic body size and total nutrient intake |
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Term
| How does environment affect nutrient intake of an animal? |
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Definition
- a cold environment rquires more energy
- a hot environment requires more water
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Term
| What are the five main structures of the digestive system? |
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Definition
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
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Term
| How does saliva facilitate swallowing? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does saliva begin digestion? |
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Definition
| it begins digestion of starch via salivary amylase (except in ruminants) |
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Term
| How does saliva function in the immune system? |
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Definition
| it exerts some antibacterial action via lysozyme |
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Term
| How does saliva affect the oral cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is saliva related to pH? |
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Definition
| it provides buffering action |
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Term
| How does saliva function in animals who can't sweat? |
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Definition
| it aids in temperature control |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three parts of the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two sphincters called that lead into and out of the stomach? |
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Definition
| gastroesophageal sphincter and the pyloric sphincter |
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Term
| How does the stomach act in storage? |
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Definition
| it stores food until it can be emptied into the small intestine |
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Term
| How does the stomach perform chemical digestion? |
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Definition
| it secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes |
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Term
| How does the stomach carry out mechanical digestion? |
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Definition
| mixing movements pulverize and mix with gastric secretions to produce a thick liquid mixture |
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Term
| What is the thick liquid mixture produced by the stomach called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecule des the stomach begin to digest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four aspects of gastric motility? |
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Definition
| gastric filling, gastric storage, gastric mixing, and gastric emptying |
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Term
| What is involved in gastric filling? |
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Definition
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Term
| The mammalian stomach can accomodate a ___ fold increase in volume. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does gastric storage take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does gastric mixing take place? |
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Definition
| in the antrum of the stomach |
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Term
| What is responsible for mixing food with gastric secretions to produce chyme in the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is gastric emptying primarily controlled by? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the volume of chyme in the stomach regulated? |
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Definition
| distension has a direct effect on gastruc smooth muscle excitability as well as acting through the intrinsic plexuses, vagus nerve, and gastrin |
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Term
| How does the volume of chyme affect gastric motility and emptying? |
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Definition
| increased volume stimulates motility and emptying |
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Term
| What are the modes of regulation for the presence of fat, acid, hypertonicity, and distension in the duodenum? |
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Definition
| initiates the interogastric reflex or triggers the reflex of enterogastrones |
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Term
| How does the presence of fat, acid, hypertonicity, and distension in the duodenum affect gastric motility and emptying? |
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Definition
| they inhibit further gastruc emptying and motility until the duodenum has coped with factors already present |
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Term
| What are the steps involved in gstric emptying? |
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Definition
- a peristaltic contraction originates in the upper fundus and sweeps down towards the pyloric sphincter
- the contraction becomes more vigorous as it reaches the thick muscled antrum
- the string antral peristaltic contrcation propels the chyme forward
- a small portion of chyme is pushed through the partiall open sphincter to the duodenum. The stronger the antral contraction, the more chyme is emptied with each contractile wave
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Term
| What steps are involved in gastric mixing? |
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Definition
- it's similar to gastric emptying except that when the peristaltic contraction reaches the pyloric sphincter, the sphincter is tightly closed and no further emptying takes place
- when the chyme that was being propelled forward hits the closed sphincter, ity is tossed back into the antrum. Mixing of the chyme is accomplished as chyme is propelled forward and tossed back into the antrum with each peristaltic contraction
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Term
| What occurs in the empty stomach before the next meal? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ are secreted by glands located at the base of the ___________. |
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Definition
| Gastric digestive juices, gastric pits |
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Term
| What are the three gastric exocrine secretory cells? |
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Definition
| mucousal, parietal, and chief cells |
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Term
| What is the function of mucousal cells? |
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Definition
| line the gastruc pits and the entrance of the glands; secrete mucus |
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Term
| What is the function of chief cells? |
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Definition
| secrete enzyme precursor pepsinogen |
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Term
| What is the function of parietal cells? |
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Definition
| secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (essential for vitamin B12 absorption) |
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Term
| How does pepsinogen become active? |
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Definition
| it mixes with the HCl and becomes pepsin |
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Term
| What is the function of the mucus produced by mucosal cells? |
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Definition
| it protects the mucosa against mechanical, pepsin, and acid injury |
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Term
| What is the function of pepsinogen when activated? |
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Definition
| it begins protein digestion |
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Term
| What is the function of HCl? |
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Definition
- activates pepsinogen
- breaks down connective tissue
- denatures protein
- kills microorgansims
- facilitate absorption of vitamin B12
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- it cleave preferentially after the C-terminal of aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine
- It will not cleave at bonds containing valine, alanine, or glycine
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Term
| What are the three phases involved in control of gastric secretion? |
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Definition
| cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases |
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Term
| What happens during the cephalic phase? |
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Definition
| there is gastric secretion with food related stimuli |
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Term
| What happens during the gastric phase? |
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Definition
| there is a presence of food in the stomach |
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Term
| What happens during the intestinal phase? |
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Definition
| there is a presence of the food in the intestine |
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Term
| The stomach lining is protected from _________ by a ______________. |
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Definition
| gastric secretions; gatsric mucousal barrier |
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Term
| Where does carbohydrate digestion continue after starting in the mouth? |
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Definition
| in the body of the stomach |
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Term
| Where in the stomach does proteins digestion begin? |
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Definition
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