Term
|
Definition
| A single axon and dendrite arise at opposite poles of the cell body. Found only in eyes and nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
every sensory neuron except eyes and nose
conduct impulses across the afferent pathways to the CNS for interpretation
found chiefly in the ganglia of the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have 3 or more processes. 1 axon and the rest dendrites. 99% of neurons belonging to this class in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b receptors is generally inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| – coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (What kind of signals do the pyramids carry?) |
|
Definition
motor
are on the ventral side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Respond to stimuli arising outside the body
Found near the body surface
Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Include the special sense organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§is the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
All spinal nerves except C1 participate in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involve only peripheral nerves and the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| ACh binds to receptors resulting in: |
|
Definition
Movement of Na+ and K+ across the membrane
Depolarization of the interior of the muscle cell
An end-plate potential that triggers an action potential |
|
|
Term
| Absence seizures, or petit mal |
|
Definition
Epileptic Seizures
mild seizures seen in young children where the expression goes blank |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation of Sensory Receptors |
|
Definition
occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to an unchanging stimulus
If though you are getting a stimulus Receptor membranes become less responsive (because you’ve adapted to it.
Receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Types of Brain Waves regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, slow, synchronous waves indicating an “idling” brain. A person who has completed a task and sits down to rest is often in this state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intensity of a sound measured in decibels (dB) |
|
|
Term
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
lou gerig's disease |
|
Definition
Symptoms – loss of the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
Death occurs within five years
Linked to malfunctioning genes for glutamate transporter and/or superoxide dismutase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| missing part of cerebrum or brain stem – vegetative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The middle meninx, which forms a loose brain covering
It is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space
Beneath the is a wide sub? space filled with CSF and large blood vessels
villi protrude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Prefrontal cortex
§Language areas
§General (common) interpretation area
§Visceral association area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – connect different parts of the same hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – uncontrolled activation of autonomic and somatic motor neurons in those with quadriplegia and spinal cord injuries, results in flexor spasms, sweating, BP, stroke. Mechanism unclear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal plantar reflex indicating corticospinal damage where the great toe dorsiflexes and the smaller toes fan laterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Types of Brain Waves – rhythmic, more irregular waves occurring during the awake and mentally alert state. A debater or a teacher would all be in a state when they are engaged in their work. |
|
|
Term
| Binding of the food chemical: |
|
Definition
§Depolarizes the taste cell membrane, releasing neurotransmitter
§Initiates a generator potential that elicits an action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine |
|
|
Term
| Blockage of what structure could cause hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| The cerebral aqueduct is blocked |
|
|
Term
| Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: |
|
Definition
| a fatal, neurodegenerative disease in cattle caused by a prion. Brain deterioates. Brain takes on the form of a sponge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal brain function involves continuous electrical activity An electroencephalogram (EEG) records this activity Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called |
|
|
Term
| Can not see conjunctiva on the sclera |
|
Definition
| cause it is clear however you can see the conjuntiva on the inner eyelid cause it is the pink part in the lower part of your eyelid on the eye model. |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Cortex: Motor Areas |
|
Definition
§Primary (somatic) motor cortex
§Premotor cortex
§Broca’s area
§Frontal eye field |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Cortex: Motor Areas |
|
Definition
§Primary (somatic) motor cortex
§Premotor cortex
§Broca’s area
§Frontal eye field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of deep myelinated fibers and their tracts It is responsible for communication between: The cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| designates the hemisphere dominant for language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to lack of oxygen during delivery or otherwise causing poor control of voluntary muscles, crippling spasticity, speech and vision difficulties, retardation, seizures |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
|
Definition
| Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes) |
|
Definition
Caused when blood circulation to the brain is blocked (blocked arteries) and brain tissue dies
Most commonly caused by blockage of a cerebral artery
Other causes include compression of the brain by hemorrhage or edema, and atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell)
§Their chemoreceptors respond to chemicals in aqueous solution
§Taste – to substances dissolved in saliva
§Smell – to substances dissolved in fluids of the nasal membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the roof of each ventricle
Have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF
Help cleanse CSF by removing wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ascending pathways. Have to send it up to our brain through the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slight injury, symptoms mild and short-lived |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something hampers sound conduction to the fluids of the inner ear (e.g., impacted earwax, perforated eardrum, osteosclerosis of the ossicles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Respond to bright light
§Have high-acuity color vision
§Are found in the macula lutea
§Are concentrated in the fovea centralis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – (you bruise your brain)can be severe and cause coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal portion of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– move the eyebrows medially
When you furrow your brow that’s called a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut |
|
|
Term
| Decussation of the pyramids |
|
Definition
| – crossover points of the corticospinal tracts. Where your corticospinal tracts cross. |
|
|
Term
| Descending (Motor) Pathways |
|
Definition
deliver efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord, and are divided into two groups:
-
Direct pathways equivalent to the pyramidal tracts
-
Indirect pathways, essentially all others involve two neurons (upper and lower)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the retina respond to different wavelengths of the visible spectrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gray Matter: Organization
fuse laterally to form spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers
The two layers separate in certain areas and form _____ sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§of the SNS are skeletal muscles
of the ANS are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Heavily myelinated axons of the somatic motor neurons extend from the CNS to the effector
§Axons of the ANS are a two-neuron chain
§The preganglionic (first) neuron has a lightly myelinated axon
§The ganglionic (second) neuron extends to an effector organ |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic Development of the Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
| Neural crest cells form the dorsal root ganglia Brain and spinal cord comes from the ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal eye with light focused properly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we learn best when we are alert, motivated, and aroused (Hmm…Which waves do we find here?) |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine Functions of the Hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce ADH and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue that surrounds axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) filled with fat and a network of veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A victim of may lose consciousness, fall stiffly, and have uncontrollable jerking
is not associated with, nor does it cause, intellectual impairments
occurs in 1% of the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – tough fibrous sheath around a nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Project from the free margin of each eyelid
§Initiate reflex blinking |
|
|
Term
| Fact (declarative) memory: |
|
Definition
Entails learning explicit information
Is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability
Is stored with the context in which it was learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (not enough oxygen going to the brain) results from inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to identify a substance that has specific texture or shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| names reveal their origin and destination are composed of axons with similar functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum (cerebellar peduncles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – soma reside in dorsal root or cranial ganglia, and conduct impulses from the skin to the spinal cord or brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells Lower motor neurons are damaged and impulses do not reach muscles There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is initiated by a painful stimulus (actual or perceived) that causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part |
|
|
Term
| For skeletal muscles to perform normally: |
|
Definition
§The Golgi tendon organs (proprioceptors) must constantly inform the brain as to the state of the muscle
§Stretch reflexes initiated by muscle spindles must maintain healthy muscle tone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originate from the annular ring |
|
|
Term
| Four zones are evident within the gray matter |
|
Definition
| somatic sensory (SS), visceral sensory (VS), visceral motor (VM), and somatic motor (SM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the meninges |
|
Definition
| Cover and protect the CNS Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Form partitions within the skull |
|
|
Term
| Fungiform and circumvallate |
|
Definition
| papillae contain taste buds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Run along the inner surface of the retina
Leave the eye as the optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| General Interpretation Area |
|
Definition
| Ill-defined region including parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes Found in one hemisphere, usually the left Integrates incoming signals into a single thought Involved in processing spatial relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§The opposite of the stretch reflex
§Contracting the muscle activates the Golgi tendon organs
§Afferent Golgi tendon neurons are stimulated, neurons inhibit the contracting muscle, and the antagonistic muscle is activated
As a result, the contracting muscle relaxes and the antagonist contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epileptic seizures victim loses consciousness, bones are often broken due to intense convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Gray Matter: Organization |
|
Definition
Dorsal half – sensory roots and ganglia
Ventral half – motor roots
Dorsal and ventral roots fuse laterally to form spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of soma, unmyelinated processes, and neuroglia |
|
|
Term
Gustatory cortex (taste)\
Hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste) |
|
Definition
§Cranial Nerves VII and IX carry impulses from taste buds to the solitary nucleus of the medulla
§These impulses then travel to the thalamus, and from there fibers branch to the: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the limbic system that convert new information into long-term memories
(seahorse) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He is right side up and left controls the left and right controls the right. He is ipsilateral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the protein huntingtin that leads to degeneration of the basal nuclei. Exaggerated leg and arm motions.
overstimulation of basal nuclei) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accumulation of CSF in the ventricles which exerts pressure on the brain
Treated by inserting a shunt into the ventricles to drain excess fluid into a neck vein |
|
|
Term
| Hyperopic eye (farsighted) – |
|
Definition
the focal point is behind the retina
§Corrected with a convex lens
- eyeball is Too short. Convex lens helps fix this
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response promoted by stress increases workload on heart |
|
|
Term
| Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System |
|
Definition
| These motor pathways are complex and multisynaptic, and regulate: Axial muscles that maintain balance and posture Muscles controlling coarse movements of the proximal portions of limbs Head, neck, and eye movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bony labyrinth
Tortuous channels worming their way through the temporal bone
Contains the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals
Filled with perilymph
Membranous labyrinth
Series of membranous sacs within the bony labyrinth
Filled with a potassium-rich fluid |
|
|
Term
Innervation of Joints
Hilton’s law: |
|
Definition
| any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of Skeletal Muscle |
|
Definition
§Takes place at a neuromusclular junction
§Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft
§ACh binds to receptors resulting in:
§Movement of Na+ and K+ across the membrane
§Depolarization of the interior of the muscle cell
§An end-plate potential that triggers an action potential |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of Visceral Muscle and Glands |
|
Definition
Autonomic motor endings and visceral effectors are simpler than somatic junctions
Branches form synapses en passant via varicosities |
|
|
Term
| Is there any conjunctiva on the cornea? |
|
Definition
§No cause when you get conjunctivitis your eye turns pink you will become blind. The cornea is one of the fastest healing parts of your body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Consists of the lacrimal gland and associated ducts
§Lacrimal glands secrete tears |
|
|
Term
| Lateral and ventral temporal lobe |
|
Definition
| coordinate auditory and visual aspects of language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ascending pathway
decussate in the medulla oblongata
sensory
affects the same side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells filled with the transparent protein crystallin (catarats when lens turns white) |
|
|
Term
| Levator palpebrae superioris |
|
Definition
| (lift eyelid up) – gives the upper eyelid mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§At the cornea
§Entering the lens
§Leaving the lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through a convex lens (as in the eye) is bent so that the rays converge to a focal point (when light is bent u have a focal point) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parasympathetic
§Parts especially important in emotions:
§Amygdala – deals with anger, danger, and fear responses
§Cingulate gyrus – plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict
fornix (arch) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuromuscular condition involving destruction of anterior horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjective interpretation of sound intensity |
|
|
Term
| Lubricating glands associated with the eyelids |
|
Definition
§Meibomian glands and sebaceous glands
§Ciliary glands lie between the hair follicles
§Can get a stiy in eye if one gets clogged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much of a stimulus is acting. How big is it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – chemical or structural changes (the shape, number and length of dendrites) that encode memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| labyrinth disorder that affects the cochlea and the semicircular canals, causing vertigo, nausea, and vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain stem: midbrain- cerebral aqueduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – brain stem: pons, 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitral cells send impulses to: |
|
Definition
§The olfactory cortex
§The hypothalamus, amygdala, and limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the cochlear nerve that sends impulses to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
§The effect of ACh binding:
§Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
§Depends on the receptor type of the target organ:
§ACh binding to cardiac receptors slows heart
§Ach binding to smooth muscle receptors increases intestinal motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain stem: medulla oblongata, 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Myopic eye (nearsighted) – |
|
Definition
the focal point is in front of the retina.
§Corrected with a concave lens
- eyeball is too long. Can fix w/ a concave lens that bends and focuses correctly right there on the macula lutea.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One passes through four stages of ____ during the first 30-45 minutes of sleep |
|
|
Term
| Neural layer, which contains: |
|
Definition
§Photoreceptors that transduce light energy
§Bipolar cells and ganglion cells
§Amacrine and horizontal cells
circular muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§All somatic motor neurons release Acetylcholine (ACh), which has an excitatory effect
§In the ANS:
§Preganglionic fibers release ACh
§Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory
§ANS effect on the target organ is dependent upon the neurotransmitter released and the receptor type of the effector |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic receptors are found on |
|
Definition
§Motor end plates (somatic targets)
§All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
§The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla
§The effect of ACh binding to these receptors is always stimulatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – sensitive to pain-causing stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
respond to several different odor-causing chemicals. Are chemical receptors
are bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia
synapse with mitral cells
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Input comes from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors
The three main levels of neural integration in the __________ are: Receptor level Circuit level Perceptual level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
come in three types: filiform, fungiform
, and circumvallate (circles that form a v) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – transection between T1 and L1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Slows the heart
§Dictates normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
inhibition of basal nuclei) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to recognize patterns in stimuli (e.g., melody, familiar face). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the conscious interpretation of those stimuli. What your brain says “oh I feel that” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detecting that a stimulus has occurred and requires summation. Does it need to be summed up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex. Gotta figure out whats going on. In the postcentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx Equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to light energy (e.g., retina) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deep meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perception of different frequencies (we hear from 20–20,000 Hz) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Destruction of the anterior horn motor neurons by the poliovirus
Early symptoms – fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of somatic reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial)
Contains nuclei of the reticular formation
Regulates normal breathing rhythm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality Necessary for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
Closely linked to the limbic system
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Located anterior to the precentral gyrus
§Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
§Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
§Involved in the planning of movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – accomplished by the hippocampus and surrounding structures |
|
|
Term
| Processing at the Receptor Lever |
|
Definition
The receptor must have specificity for the stimulus energy
The receptor’s receptive field must be stimulated
Stimulus energy must be converted into a graded potential
A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold. So it can be an action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descending pathway
motor
decussate in the lumbar
effects the opposite side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descending pathway
motor
decussate in the medulla
do not switch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – transection in the cervical region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to identify submodalities of a sensation (e.g., sweet or sour tastes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viral infection of CNS transmitted by bite of infected mammal. Salivatory glands are overloading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin of fingers and toes pale, then cyanotic and painful due to cold or emotional stress. Exaggerated vasoconstriction response. |
|
|
Term
| Receptor Class by Location: Exteroceptors |
|
Definition
Respond to stimuli arising outside the body
Found near the body surface
Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Include the special sense organs |
|
|
Term
| Receptor Class by Location: Interoceptors |
|
Definition
Respond to stimuli arising within the body
Found in internal viscera and blood vessels
Sensitive to chemical changes, stretch, and temperature changes |
|
|
Term
| Receptor Class by Location: Proprioceptors |
|
Definition
Respond to degree of stretch of the organs they occupy
Found in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Constantly “advise” the brain of one’s movements
cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Receptors for hearing and balance |
|
Definition
§Respond to separate stimuli
§Are activated independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slowly include Merkel’s discs, Ruffini’s corpuscles, and interoceptors that respond to chemical levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – largest nucleus of the reticular formation; red nuclei are relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways |
|
|
Term
Reflex Arc
§Sensory neuron – |
|
Definition
| transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Be inborn (intrinsic) or learned (acquired)/ many sports deal w/ learned reflexes
§Involve only peripheral nerves and the spinal cord
§Involve higher brain centers as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§When light passes from one transparent medium to another its speed changes and it bends (light bends when it moves from one median to another) |
|
|
Term
| Regeneration involves coordinated activity among |
|
Definition
Macrophages – remove debris
Schwann cells – form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
Axons – regenerate damaged part |
|
|
Term
| Regeneration involves coordinated activity among: |
|
Definition
If the soma of a damaged nerve remains intact, damage can be repaired
1. Macrophages – remove debris
2. Schwann cells – form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
3. Axons – regenerate damaged part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White Matter: Pathway Generalizations
Most consist of two or three neurons in order |
|
|
Term
| Resonance of the Basilar Membrane |
|
Definition
| Audible sound waves: Penetrate through the cochlear duct Vibrate the basilar membrane Excite specific hair cells according to frequency of the sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Medulla Nuclei
control rate and depth of breathing |
|
|
Term
| Reticular Activating System |
|
Definition
send impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
ex: vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli (99% ) LSD interferes with this damper and promotes sensory overload |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Sensitive to dim light and best suited for night vision
§Absorb all wavelengths of visible light
§Perceived input is in gray tones only
§Sum of visual input from many __ feeds into a single ganglion cell
§Results in fuzzy and indistinct images |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descending pathway
motor
decussate in the midbrain
dont switch sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extrapyramidal (Multineuronal) Pathways
control flexor muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soma reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or medullary nuclei and transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment. Its affecting your receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from damage to the neural structures at any point from the cochlear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results in depolarizations that trigger impulses to the CNS The realization of these stimuli, sensation and perception, occur in the brain |
|
|
Term
| Simple Receptors: Encapsulated |
|
Definition
Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)
Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)
Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and Ruffini’s corpuscles
Joint kinesthetic receptors |
|
|
Term
| Simple Receptors: Unencapsulated |
|
Definition
Free dendritic nerve endings
Respond chiefly to temperature and pain
Merkel (tactile) discs (between the dermis and epidermis)
Hair follicle receptors (help u feel lice) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is less conscious than fact memory and involves motor activity
It is acquired through practice
do not retain the context in which they were learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary cessation of breathing during sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
radiate out from the optic disc and can be seen with an ophthalmoscope
changes may indicate you have some sort of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most exhibit [precise spatial relationship between nerve tract and body region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§A pressure disturbance (alternating areas of high and low pressure) originating from a vibrating object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damagedSpinal neurons remain intact and muscles are stimulated irregularly
There is no voluntary control of muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifying the site or pattern of the stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incomplete formation of vertebral arches – leads to myelomeningocele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(has gray matter in the middle/ white to the outside)
opposit of brain which has gray on the outside and white on the inside
most sensory dorsal
most motor ventral |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Cord Trauma: Transection |
|
Definition
| Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut |
|
|
Term
| Spinal nerves branch from the developing spinal cord and neural crest cells |
|
Definition
| Supply motor and sensory function to developing muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ascending pathway
sensory
doesnt decussate
affect the same side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
asending pathway
sensory
effects opposite side
decussate in lumbar spinal cord
crosses in the medulla oblongata. If it doesn’t cross before the lesion it will affect the same side as the lesion.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – occurs in stages and is continually changing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stretching muscles activates muscle spindles
Excited g motor neurons of the spindle cause the stretched muscle to contract
§Afferent impulses from the spindle result in inhibition of the antagonist
§Example: patellar reflex
§Tapping the patellar tendon stretches the quadriceps and starts the reflex action
§The quadriceps contract and the antagonistic hamstrings relax |
|
|
Term
| Subdural or Subarachnoid hemorrhage – |
|
Definition
| (brain is bleeding) bleeding increases pressure on brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functionally linked to basal nuclei (review Parkinson’s Disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Initiated by gentle cutaneous stimulation
§Example:
§Plantar reflex is initiated by stimulating the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot/
§The response is downward flexion of the toes
§Indirectly tests for proper corticospinal tract functioning |
|
|
Term
| Superior colliculi and tectospinal |
|
Definition
Extrapyramidal (Multineuronal) Pathways
tracts mediate head movements |
|
|
Term
| Suspended in its perilymph are two sacs: |
|
Definition
| : the saccule and utricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sugars, saccharin, alcohol, and some amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White Matter: Pathway Generalizations
: Pathways are paired (one on each side of the spinal cord or brain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plates(striped plates u see above the palprabrae/ thickening of the eyelid which gives it some substance) of connective tissue support the eyelids internally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are found in papillae of the tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located laterally so tears flush medially |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cerebrum: cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei
lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensual afferent impulses converge and synapse here Impulses of similar function are sorted out, edited, and relayed as a group All inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through here Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
where third ventricle is |
|
|
Term
| The ANS differs from the SNS in the following three areas |
|
Definition
§Effectors
§Efferent pathways
§Target organ responses |
|
|
Term
| The Direct (Pyramidal) System |
|
Definition
Direct pathways originate with the pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri
Impulses are sent through the corticospinal tracts and synapse in the anterior horn
Stimulation of anterior horn neurons activates skeletal muscles
Parts of the direct pathway, called corticobulbar tracts, innervate cranial nerve nuclei
The direct pathway regulates fast and fine (skilled) movements |
|
|
Term
| The brain is protected by bone |
|
Definition
bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| The crista ampullaris (or crista): |
|
Definition
§Is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium
§Is located in the ampulla of each semicircular canal
§Responds to angular movements
§has support cells and hair cells that extend into a gel-like mass called the cupula
§Dendrites of vestibular nerve fibers encircle the base of the hair cells
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions in both hearing and equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| The projection level consists of: |
|
Definition
Cortical motor areas that produce the direct (pyramidal) system
Brain stem motor areas that oversee the indirect (multineuronal) system
Helps control reflex and fixed-pattern activity and houses command neurons that modify the segmental apparatus |
|
|
Term
| The sympathetic division controls: |
|
Definition
§Thermoregulatory responses to heat
§Release of renin from the kidneys
§Metabolic effects |
|
|
Term
| The three levels of motor control are |
|
Definition
§Segmental level (lowest )
§Projection level (goes up to here)
§Precommand level (then up to here up to the precentral gyrus) |
|
|
Term
| The three types of functional areas are: |
|
Definition
§Motor areas – control voluntary movement
§Sensory areas – conscious awareness of sensation
§Association areas – integrate diverse information |
|
|
Term
| There are five components of a reflex arc |
|
Definition
§Receptor
§Sensory neuron
§Integration center
§Motor neuron
Effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitive to changes in temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Types of Brain Waves greater amplitude, slower frequency waves of a daydreaming state. A person who is driving on a freeway, and discovers that they can't recall the last five miles, is often in a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the thalamus and conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain falx celebri falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) |
|
Definition
| ) is the only approved treatment for stroke |
|
|
Term
| Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs |
|
Definition
| – temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elicited by the amino acid glutamate (seen in msg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
equilibrium receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibule Maintains our orientation and balance in space
receptors monitor static equilibrium Semicircular canal receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Within a few hours, the axon and its myelin sheath distal to the injury begin to disintegrate b/c they cannot receive nutrients from the soma (cell body) |
|
|
Term
| When a convex lens forms an image, |
|
Definition
| the image is upside down and reversed right to left. The visual cortex flips everything back to normal. If a lens is biconvex it does this |
|
|
Term
| White Matter in the Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
| Fibers run in three directions – ascending, descending, and transversely Divided into three funiculi (“columns”) – posterior, lateral, and anterior |
|
|
Term
| adapt quickly. cant smell your own bad breathe |
|
Definition
| Receptors responding to pressure, touch, and smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impulses that go up the spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
embryonic development of the spinal cord
will become interneurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tells your kidneys to hold onto salt. If your are holding onto salt you are holding onto water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors is generally stimulatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the swollen end of each canal and it houses equilibrium receptors in a region called the crista ampullaris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gray Matter and Spinal Roots
interneurons and somatic motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consolidated memories not lost, new inputs are not associated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line four ventricles push cerebral spinal fluid around brain, down and back up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A plasmalike fluid that fills the anterior segment Drains via the canal of Schlemm
(lets out extra humurous/ if don’t let out will build up pressure u get glacoma) |
|
|
Term
| association somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
Integrates sensory information
Forms comprehensive understanding of the stimulus
Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts |
|
|
Term
| association visual cortex |
|
Definition
§Surrounds the primary visual cortex
§Interprets visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brachial Plexus: Nerves
innervates the deltoid and teres minor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
embryonic development of the spinal cord
will become motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supports the organ of corti |
|
|
Term
| beta, to alpha, to theta and finally, when we fall asleep, to delta. |
|
Definition
| When we put the book down, turn off the lights and close our eyes, our brainwaves will descend from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There are four major branches of this plexus
Roots – five ventral rami (C5-T1)
Trunks – upper, middle, and lower, which form divisions
Divisions – anterior and posterior serve the front and back of the limb
Cords – lateral, medial, and posterior fiber bundles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Consists of three regions – midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Similar to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei
Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Each person’s are unique
Continuous train of peaks and troughs
frequency is expressed in Hertz (Hz) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Located anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area Present in one hemisphere (usually the left)
- A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue Is active as one prepares to speak
- where we learn to speak
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calculates the best way to perform a movement
uses propiocepters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction activity for smooth cordinated movements
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
has gray matter in nuclei
|
|
|
Term
| cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) |
|
Definition
| midbrain structure hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§It enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements
§Each hemisphere acts contralaterally (controls the opposite side of the body)
§Hemispheres are not equal in function
§No functional area acts alone; conscious behavior involves the entire cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cerebellar processing
A “blueprint” of coordinated movement is sent to the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structure of the midbrain
two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plexus is formed by ventral rami of C1-C4
Most branches are cutaneous nerves of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders
The most important nerve of this plexus is the phrenic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the roof of each ventricle Have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF Help cleanse CSF by removing wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A dark brown membrane that forms the posterior portion of the uvea
Supplies blood to all eye tunics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens Composed of smooth muscle bundles
Anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place
pulls on lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A spiral, conical, bony chamber that:
Extends from the anterior vestibule
Coils around a bony pillar called the modiolus
Contains the cochlear duct, which ends at the cochlear apex
Contains the organ of Corti (hearing receptor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Moving hair cells stimulates the ____ that sends impulses to the brain
Afferent fibers of the ______ attach to the base of hair cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Impulses from the cochlea pass via the spiral ganglion to the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transparent membrane that: Lines the eyelids as the palpebral _____ Covers the whites of the eyes as the ocular ________ Lubricates and protects the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal portion of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
light is refraed here
lets light enter the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi |
|
|
Term
cranial nerves
olfatory I
optic II
occulomotor III
trochlear IV
trigeminal V
abducens VI
facial VII
vestibulocochlear VIII
glossopharyngel IX
vagusX
accessory XI
hypoglossal XII |
|
Definition
innervate muscles of the head
arise from the brain
They have sensory, motor, or both sensory and motor functions
Each nerve is identified by a number (I through XII) and a name
oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heaveningly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when reticular activating system is damped. (when you turn off your RAS, man!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from the forebrain Consists of three paired structures – thalamus, hypothalamus (both involved in fact memory), and epithalamus Encloses the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
| do not exhibit adaptation. |
|
Definition
Pain receptors and proprioceptors
why |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| roots arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory (afferent) fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neural crest cells form the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impulses that go down the spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle
Pineal gland –
Melatonin – a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood
Choroid plexus – |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short, curved tube filled with ceruminous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs along the vermis of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folds that dip into the longitudal fissure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functions of basal nuclei |
|
Definition
| Influence muscular activity Regulate attention and cognition Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protrude into the endolymph
Touch the tectorial membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of limbic system
regulates sleep cycle
involved in fact memory
one of the last areas of the CNS to develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
midbrain nuclei
– auditory relay centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elevates eye and turns it laterally
oculomotor III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depresses eye and turns it medially
oculomotor III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stalk of the hypothalamus; connects to the pituitary gland
Main visceral control center of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scalas vestibuli and tympani to the cochlear duct
Stimulation of the organ of Corti
Generation of impulses in the cochlear nerve
develop from otic placodes, which invaginate into the otic pit and otic vesicle
functions in both hearing and equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thorax is innervated by ventral rami T1-T12 as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thorax is innervated by ventral rami T1-T12 as these supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All fibers in the cerebellum are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of the vascular tunic The colored part of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the lesion is below decussation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – contains glands that secrete a whitish, oily secretion (Sandman’s eye sand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete tears
Tears
Contain mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme
Enter the eye via superolateral excretory ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tears Exit the eye medially via the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gray Matter and Spinal Roots
contain sympathetic nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves eye laterally VI (abducens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that: Allows precise focusing of light onto the retina Is composed of epithelium and lens fibers light is refracted entering and leaving here curvature and shape allow for fine focusing of an image
separates the internal eye into anterior and posterior segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we go to bed and read for a few minutes before attempting sleep, we are likely to be in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arises from L1-L4 and innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle
The major nerves are the femoral and the obturator and saphenous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cones are found here
Image has to land directly on the ______for you to see clearly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus Relay station for olfactory pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves eye medially III oculomotor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nerves branches to most of the flexor muscles of arm
helps you pick stuff up w/ thumb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII are associated with the |
|
|
Term
medulla nuclei
cadiovascular control center |
|
Definition
| adjust the force and rate of heart contration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Along with the pons, forms the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle
Contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle
Pyramids – two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adult structures derived from the neural canal
cerebral aqueduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
region of the brain stem
Located between the diencephalon and the pons
structures include:
Cerebral peduncles –
Cerebral aqueduct –
various nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity Flanked laterally by the eardrum Flanked medially by the oval and round windows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brachial Plexus: Nerves sends fibers to the biceps brachii and brachialis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§The two types of receptors that bind ACh are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is the site where the optic nerve leaves the eye Lacks photoreceptors (the blind spot) Small vessels radiate out from the ____________ and can be seen with an ophthalmoscope
no recpters here
where nerves abd blood vessesls come into the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is composed of supporting cells and outer and inner hair cells
Afferent fibers of the cochlear nerve attach to the base of hair cells
The stereocilia (hairs):
Protrude into the endolymph
Touch the tectorial membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pinna, auditory canal, eardrum The branchial groove develops into _____ structures
involed w/ hearing |
|
|
Term
| paralysis on one side of your body. reflects brain injuries rather than spinal cord injuries |
|
Definition
| what is hemiplegia? how doesthis happen? |
|
|
Term
periosteal
superior sagittal sinus
meningeal
subdural space
arachnoid
subarachnoid space
pia mater |
|
Definition
| What is the correct order of meninges and sub-meningeal spaces from the outside in? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve is the major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bulging brainstem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle relay impulses between the motor cortex and thecerebellum (cerebellar peduncles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
divides posterior funiculi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe
Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in the precentral gyrus
Pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts
Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
| primary somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
sensory area.
Located in the postcentral gyrus, this area:
Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles
Exhibits spatial discrimination (able to tell which body region is being stimulated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Receives visual information from the retinas
- interprets what we are seing
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central opening of the iris Regulates the amount of light entering the eye during: Close vision and bright light – constrict Distant vision and dim light – dilate Changes in emotional state – dilate when the subject matter is appealing or requires problem-solving skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brachial Plexus: Nerves innervates essentially all extensor muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sensor receptors. Have to receive |
|
|
Term
reflex arc
§Integration center – |
|
Definition
| either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS |
|
|
Term
reflex arc
§Motor neuron – |
|
Definition
| conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§– muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Increase blood volume
Increase arterial vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of memories from
distant past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The scala tympani terminates here
The eardrum pushes against the ossicles, which presses fluid in the inner ear against the oval and |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arises from L4-S4 and serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and the perineum
The major nerve is the sciatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scala tympani and vestibule |
|
Definition
Are filled with perilymph
Are continuous with each other via the helicotrema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is actually composed of two nerves: the tibial and the common fibular (peroneal) nerves
the longest and thickest nerve of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects the eye and anchors extrinsic muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three canals that each define two-thirds of a circle and lie in the three planes of space Membranous semicircular ducts line each canal and communicate with the utricle These receptors respond to angular movements of the head receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wall between lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Impulses from the cochlea pass via the _______ into the cochlear nuclei. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NREM stages include:
– eyes are closed and relaxation begins; the EEG shows alpha waves; one can be easily aroused |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – EEG pattern is irregular with sleep spindles (high-voltage wave bursts); arousal is more difficult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – sleep deepens; theta and delta waves appear; vital signs decline; dreaming is common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – EEG pattern is dominated by delta waves; skeletal muscles are relaxed; arousal is difficult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
midbrain nuclei
visual reflex centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depresses eye and turns it laterally
trochlear IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elevates eye and turns it medially
oculomotor III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Promotes adjustments during exercise – blood flow to organs is reduced, flow to muscles is increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temperature and texture enhance or detract from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stereocilia (hairs) protrude into the endolymph and touch the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass Contains four groups of nuclei – anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| the Parasympathetic Division |
|
Definition
§Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes after a meal
§Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
§Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
§The skin is warm and the pupils are constricted |
|
|
Term
| the malleus, incus, and stapes |
|
Definition
Transmit vibratory motion of the eardrum to the oval window
Dampened by the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thin connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound
Transfers sound energy to the middle ear ossicles
Boundary between outer and middle ears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brachial Plexus: Nerves
supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends into the semicircular canals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from the anterior horn and contain motor (efferent) fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arise from expansion of the lumen of the neural tube hollow spaces in brain
hold up our brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The posterior segment is filled with a clear gel that:
Transmits light
Supports the posterior surface of the lens
Holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer
Contributes to intraocular pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
understanding speech
–sounding out unfamiliar words |
|
|
Term
| you cant feel anything on the right side |
|
Definition
| if you have damge on the left side of primary somatosensory what happens? |
|
|
Term
§RAS – Reticular Activating System |
|
Definition
§Motor function
§Helps control coarse motor movements
§Autonomic centers regulate visceral motor
functions – e.g., vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collections of nerve cell bodies w/in the CNs are called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is nerve cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system
If it is Outside of brain and spinal cord it is _____. Because ____is a series of bodies. If its gray theres no myelin. If there is myelin then it cant be a body. Relay stations. Integration staions. Decision stations. Where nerves are talking to each other. (same functions as ____) |
|
|
Term
Impairment of sensory impulses from the left foot |
|
Definition
A lesion to the left side of the spinothalmic tract @ T-6 would result in which of the following? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bodies(somas) to all the white stuff in your brain. Cerebral cortex outside is gray inside is white like a stalk of cauliflower (the heads is on the outside and the stems is on the inside) Hidden inside that stalk are bundles of somas called neclei (_______ nuclei) if its in your brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most cones receiving color are in the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes pupils get smaller (constrict). It’s the circular smooth muscles in the eye that gets tighten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gets your pupils bigger (dialate) cause it works on the radial muscles. It’s the radial muscles in the eye that pull |
|
|
Term
| most of the muscles are located |
|
Definition
Biggest part of the homunculus is the head cause that’s where |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in the occipital lobe flips everything back to right place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have to change the shape of our lens, constrict our pupil and rotate our eye together so they can focus on the same point. Whose in charge of us doing close work: parasympathetic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dialate, constrict blood vessels in intestines, dialate bronchioles, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constrict blood vessesls in arms and legs, initiates salvatory glands, contrixct bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what do varcostities look like |
|
Definition
knoblike swellings containing mitochondira and synaptic vessels that make it look like a string of beads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has two parts
§The stimulated side is withdrawn
§The contralateral side is extended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nerve communicating w/ voluntary muscles using acetocholine as its neuron transmitter
which has an excitatory effect |
|
|
Term
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic division |
|
Definition
uses two neurons
nerve talking to another nerve using acetycholine then the nerve talk to smooth cardiac or glands using neuroepinephrine
nerve talking to adrenal medulla using acetylcholine
adrenal medula talks to blood vessles using epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Preganglionic fibers release ACh
§Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory |
|
|
Term
autonomic division
parasympathetic |
|
Definition
nerve talkto another nerve using acetocholine.
seconrve talks to smooth, cardiac and glands using acetocholine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are associated only w/ the sympathetic division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upon stimulation medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reflesxes within the internal organs such as when the small intestine starts peristalsis when it detects food.
Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_visceral_reflexes#ixzz174ZSkIuz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§The two types of receptors that bind ACh are nicotinic and muscarinic
§These are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§are found on:
§Motor end plates (somatic targets)
§All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
§The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla
§The effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
§The effect of ACh binding:
§Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
§Depends on the receptor type of the target organ:
§ACh binding to cardiac receptors slows heart
§Ach binding to smooth muscle receptors increases intestinal motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§The two types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and beta
§Each type has two or three subclasses
(a1, a2, b1, b2 , b3)
§Effects of NE binding to:
§ a receptors is generally stimulatory
§ b receptors is generally inhibitory
§A notable exception – NE binding to b receptors of the heart is stimulatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§controls blood pressure and keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction
§This sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone):
§Constricts blood vessels and causes blood pressure to rise as needed
§Prompts vessels to dilate if blood pressure is to be decreased
§Alpha-blocker drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§Slows the heart
§Dictates normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary systems
§The sympathetic division can override these effects during times of stress
§Drugs that block parasympathetic responses increase heart rate and block fecal and urinary retention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors are on the blood vessels and when epinephrine lands on them causes the blood vessels to constrict which raises blood pressure (so blocking will lower blood pressure |
|
|
