Formed by epithelial tissue that has an underlying layer of connective tissue

Membranes cover and protect body surfaces

Produce mucous that lubricates organs, traps dirt & debris, keeps cavities from drying out

Line cavities that open out the exterior

EX) nose, mouth, respiratory tract, anus

Lines the body cavities that do not open to the exterior

EX) pleura: lines pleural cavites, covers lungs

peritoneum: lines peritoneal cavity, covers the surface of enclosed organs

pericardium: lines the pericardial cavity, covers the heart

Parietal Portion (Serous)

Viceral Portion (Serous)

PP: Attaches to the inner surface of the cavity

VP: covers the outer surfaces of the organs

Made up of squamous epithelium and areolar tissue

Has an underlying layer of dense CT

Thick and rather dry

EX) skin

Found at the ends of bones

Move at the joints (at an articulation)

Made of only CT

Produces a synovial fluid that lubricates

Largest organ in the body

Consists of the skin and accessoy structures

EX) hair, nails, variety of glands

Functions:

Protection- of underlying tissues from chemical and mechanical damage, entry of infectious agents, UV rays, dehydration

Regulates Body Temp- sweat, blood flow

Helps detect changes in the environment

Excretion of wastes through glands

Calcium absorption in the small intestine

Storage of nutrients by adipocytes in subcutaneous layer

Most superficial

Made of squamous ET

Avascular

Most abundant

Produce karatin-water resistant protein

Single layer attached to the basement membrane

Continuously undergoing cell division

Deepest layer

8-10 layers thick

Cells from stratum basal push up to this layer

Second deepest

3-5 layers of keratinocytes that begin accumulating keratin in their cytoplasm

Middle layer

3-5 layers of dying cells

Found in only "thick skin"

EX) palms and soles

Second most superficial

30 or most layers of dead cells

Most superficial layer

Most superficial layer

Made of areolar tissue

Contains BVs and sensory structures

Some of the BV and sensory structures elevate dermis in some areas creating dermal papillae (finger prints) these aid in grip

Deepest layer

Composed of dense irregular CT

Contains nerves, BVs, sweat, oil glands

Somewhat continuous with papillary and subcutaneous layer

EX) hair follicles of epidermous extend into dermal layers

collagen fibers extend into papillary layer

Strong and elastic

EX) tearing of elastic and collagen fibers = stretch marks

aging = loss of alastic fibers = wrinkles

Technically not part of integumentary system

Composed of areolar and adipose tissue

Extensive network of large BV

Attached to underlying bone and muscle

Insulates and protects

Protects from UV rays, debris, and insulates

Produced in a hair follicle that contains BV and nerves

Hair root lies beneath skin surface; 3 layers= medulla, cortex, cuticle

Hair root anchors to the hair bulb which surrounds the hair papilla; hair papilla contins BV and nervous

Shaft= visible portion of hair; consists of dead karatinocytes

Determined bt varying amount of melanin produced at the hair papillae

Red hair due to melanin containing iron

Controlled by genes

Loss of melanin= gray hair

Production of melanin decreases as converting enzyme decreases

enzyme: AA tyrosine --> melanin

Basal cells near matrix divide, push cells toward surface

Keratinization completes as cells approuach skin surface

Hair grows in cycles, absobs nutrients as it grows

90% of hair is in the growth stage at a given time

Normal loss of 50-100 hairs/day

Male baldness: genetically determined, follicles produce short fine unpigmented hairs that are found in other areas of the body other than scalp called vellus hairs

Secrete an oily substance rich in lipids called sebum

Can be found attached to most hair follicles

-Arrector pili contracts to push sebum our onto skin

Helps keep hair and skin moist

Inflammation can occur around bacteria

No regional control

Can be found all over the body

EX) Most numerous = soles of feet, palms, and forehead

Most common type

Secrete a watery, thin sweat

Cooling for the body, eliminates wastes

Mildly acidic to retard growth of microorganisms

If all are working simutaneosly can loose 1gallon/hour

Regional control

Only found in axillary and genital areas

Secrete a thicker sweat onto hair follicles

Become active at puberty

Stimmulated by emotional stress/ sexual excitement

No regional control

Brown pigment produced by melanocytes found in statum basale

Skin shade varies on amount of melanin being produced, not melaninocytes

Yellow-orange pigment in epidermous

Obtained from diet

Converted to vitamin A (important for vision)

More blood flow gives skin a redish hue

Less blood flow makes skin appear pale

Less oxygen makes skin appear blue, most evident in areas like the lips and nail beds; known as cyanosis

Melanin tends to mask the effects of circulation on skin color