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| Traces of once-living organisms preserved by natural processes |
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| use of rock layers (geologic strata) to determine the age of a fossil in comparison to those in other nearby layers |
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| the lowest layers of undisturbed rock are the oldest and contain the oldest fossils |
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| fossils that are only in one particular rock layer that can be used as a guide to provide the age of an undated rock layer |
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| Absolute (Radiometric) Dating |
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Definition
| Using the decay rates of radioactive elements found in organic matter to determine the approximate age of a fossil. Ex- C-14 U-238, K-40 |
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Definition
| Common anatomical traits, look different on the outside, but internal similarities provide proof of common ancestry |
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Structures that have similar external forms and functions, but have different internal structures
- Not proof of common ancestry, but of adaptation to similar enviornmental pressures: Ex. birds and butterflies
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Definition
Remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral forms
- Ex: coccyx, appendix, hip bones in snakes
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| Embryological Similarities |
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Definition
| Closely similar development of embryos, especially in the early stages provide evidence of common ancestry |
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Definition
- Fossil Record
- Homologous and Analogous Structures
- Vestigal Organs
- Embryological Similarities
- Biochemical Pathways
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Term
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Definition
Specific type of Evidence of common ancestry, Examples include:
- Cytochrome C (protein used by all aerobically respiring organisms)
- Blood Proteins
- Amino Acid Sequences
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Definition
- Presented one of the first theories of evolution in 1809
- believed evolutionary changes were caused by organisms actively adapting the,mselves to enviornmental conditions
- (Was wrong!)
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| Inheritance of Modern Characteristics |
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Definition
| Lamarck's belief that traits an organism has developed could be passed onto offspring |
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Definition
- Wrote "An essay on the Principle of Population"
- Ideas influenced Charles Darwin
- Realised populations overpopulate and limited resources could not keep up with demands of increasing population, and this causes cometitive situation
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Definition
- Observed finches on Galapagos Islands, attributed differences in the finches there to the isolation of the finches to the various islands and enviornmental pressures
- Published his work in 1859 entitled "On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection"
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Term
| Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection |
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Definition
- Species overpopulate
- Competition for limited resources occurs
- Variations exist among individuals, making some better able to comete for limited resources than others
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of favorable adaptations over time which result in formation of a new species |
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Definition
| favorable genetic variation; makes an organism more likely to survive and reproduce |
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Definition
| Condition in which allelic frequencies do not change from one generation to the next; rate of occurence of traits remains constant; no evolution |
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| Directional Natural Selection |
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Definition
Extreme phenotype becomes a more favorable adaptation; usually caused by change in enviornment or migration (Shift in allelic frequencies)
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Term
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Definition
| Average Phenotypes become more favorable; leads to less possible evolution because of a narrowed range of variation |
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Term
| Disruptive Natural Selection |
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Definition
Rare form of Natural Selection; Extreme phenotypes become more favorable than average ones
Creates two seperate subpopulations |
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Definition
- Outlined conditions necessary for genetic equilibrium to be maintained
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Definition
| Term used to describe how often a particular allele occurs in a population |
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Definition
| All of the possible alleles that exist in a population |
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Conditions necessary for Genetic Equilibrium (5 in total!)
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Definition
- No Mutations
- No members may enter or leave the population
- No Natural Selection
- Every member must have an equal chance to reproduce (No Selective Breeding!)
- Population must be large; preventing Genetic Drift
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Term
| Name the two causes of Genetic Drift |
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Definition
- Founder's Effect
- Bottleck Effect
These are causes of.... |
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Definition
| Movement of Genes from one population to another |
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State the Hardy-Weinberg mathematical Formula
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Definition
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Definition
- results in speciation
- New land or water barriers form Ex: New Highway being built across a field or change in course of river
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Definition
| The inability of formerly interbreeding species to mate and preduce fertile offspring |
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type of Reproductive Isolation
Before fertilization: Ex different mating calls, different mating times, physically being unable to mate
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Definition
Type of Reproductive isolation
After fertilization, ex inability to have a zygote develop fully or producing offspring that are sterile |
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Definition
| Joint change in two or more species in close interaction (Predators/prey or plants/pollinators) |
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Definition
| Unrelated species become more and more alike (analogous structures) in apperance as they adapt to similar enviornmental pressures |
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Definition
| Two related species become more and more dissimilar (homologous structures) over time. |
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Term
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Definition
Type of divergent evolution; process by which a single species develops simultaneously into many different species
Ex: Galapagos finches |
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Definition
| Proposes evolution is a slow and gradual process |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes species have extended periods of genetic equilibrium followed by geologically brief periods of rapid evolutionary change |
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