ability of a molecule to bond to another unlike surface

(usually how liquids interact with solids)

non spontaneous reaction

change of G >0

spontaneous reaction

change of G <0

Often found in proteins where it becomes S2 (disulfide bonds)

contributes to the structure of the protein

THIOLS

Atoms that only need a couple more electrons to complete their valence shell have higher electronegativity

Essentially, its a measurement of how badly the atom wants the electron

the adding or subtracting of a substance which results in the atoms rearranging into new larger or smaller molecules/atoms

carboxylic acids

acts as an acid

donates an H+

hydrogen bonding

Keytone & Aldehyde

reacts with certain compounds to form larger molecules

Alcohols

sometimes acts as an acid

good solvent because of H+ bonding

highly polar

sugar - ribose

OH bonded to the 2 of the carbon

2 negative charges

when O-P bonds are broken they release lots of energy

ORGANIC PHOSPHATE

[G] = [H]-T[S]

[]=change of

h = potential

T=temperature (kelvin0

S= entropy

determines if a reaction is spontaneous or not

no membrane=not an organelle

in RNA and proteins

involved in protein synthesis

"control center"

structural support

in nuclear envelope

double membrane

genetic info

assembly of ribosome subunits

contains: nucleolus, chromosomes, nuclear lamina

found in fungi, some algae, and exoskeletons in some animals - NAc monomers

structural polymer

5-3 connections

Uracil, cytosine, guanine, adenine

single stranded

ribonucleotides polymerized

adenosine triphosphate

EXERGONIC (SPONTANEOUS)

free energy = cell work

proteins joined to carbs by covalent bonds

span entire plasma membrane

display info oligosaccharide (tag)

membrane surrounding the cell

separates life from non-life

selectively permeable

protection

bilayer of phospholipids

allow/disallow certain things into cell

facilitate necessary chemical reactions

gain a H+

lowers H+ ion concentration of solution

7-14

gives off OH-

donates H+

Highers the H+ concentration of solution

0-7

pH= -log [H+]

[] = concentration

measure of acidity/alkalinity

AMINES

acts as an acid

gives up H+

hydrogen bonding

double stranded

helix

5-3, 3-5 bonding

polymerization of deoxynucleotides

can hold a specific number of orbitals

orbitals are grouped

2 electrons/orbital

exergonic

[G] < 0

proceeds on its own without constant external influence

products usually have a lower amount of free energy than the reactans

6.022 x 10 -23

mass of 1 mole of any molecule is the same as its molecular weight in grams

regulatory molecules bind to enzyme somewhere ELSE than the active site

essentially it changes the shape of the enzyme

water loving

ions and polar molecules that interact with water

molecules ability to bind to like molecules

CAUSES HIGH SURFACE TENSION

raw material for synthesizing other molecules

structural support

cell i.d. (tags)

storing chemical energy

adhesive

cohesive

high surface tension

denser as a liquid than as a solid

one atom holds the electrons tighter than the other(s)

aka assymetrical sharing of the electrons

makes a partial charge in the molecule

negatively charged ion

gains an electron

positively charged ion

donates an electron

bond in which molecules share electrons and neither are holding the electrons tighter

(seen between 2(+) of the same molecule, ex: H-H)

adenine, guanine

bigger than pyrimidines

sugar=deoxyribose

H bonded to the 2 of the sugar

smooth ER

rough ER

golgi apparatus

lysosomes

type of lipid

distinctive 4 ring structure

enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of alpha glycosidic links in glycogen

ANIMALS

3 carbon molecules

aka triglycerides/triaglycerols

carbon containing compound found in nonpolar hydrophobic organism

hydrocarbon components composed of fatty acids

dont dissolve in water

organic group with cabonyl group (C=O)

several hydroxyl (-OH) groups

transfer of 1+ phosphate groups to a substrate molecule

raises potential energy of substrate and enables endergonic reactions

C-N bonds formed from condensation reactions

aka Polymerization

process through which monomers polymerize

results in a lack of water molecules

amino acids linked by peptide bonds into a chain

amino acids become residue

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

break the bonds to get the energy

4 electrons in valence shell

1 NH2 amino functional groups

1 COOH carboxyl group

1 H+ hydrogen

1 R group - side chain

bacteria

archaea

in nucleoid

DNA

superoils to fit cell

build RNA DNA

polypeptide

within DNA, within the chromosome

center of the cell

about 20% of cell's volume

prokaryote

genes independent og chromosomes

helps adapt to unusual circumstances

tough, fibrous wall surrounding plasma membrane

protection

shape

glycolipids

protective layer outside the cell wall

lipid containing carbs group

contain chromosomes

produces gene products

decode DNA

produce RNA messages

double membrane

pore studded

connect inside to cytosol

selective passage

only way into the nucleus

consists of 50 different proteins

membrane bound sacs found in nuclear envelope

extends into cytoplasm

no ribosomes attached

containes enzymes for lipid reactions

manufactures phospholipids

inside surface of the nucleus envelope

fibrous proteins that form a lattice ike structure

maintians shape

chromosomes attach themselves to the lamina

manufactures RNA molecules

manufactures large and small ribosomal units

processes products of the rough ER

flattened membraneous sac

contains cisternae

bubbles on the side are membrane bound vesicles that carry proteins to and from organelles

distinct polarity

cis part is close to rough ER and recieves the products

trans part is close to plasma membrane and ships ER products to the surface

peroxisomes

globular organelles

single membrane

originate from buds on ER

center for oxidation reactions

glyoxysomes (plants)

lysosomes

organelles that digest

interior very acidic

specialize in breaking up macromolecules

endocytosis

produces ATP

double membrane

has cristae(ATP synthesis)

manufactures ribosomes