How to find Natural Rate of Population Growth

Think natural/basic

(crude birth)-(crude death)

= Natural Population Growth

To get the OVERALL Growth Rate of a Population

Think for All counting those not listed on birth and death certificates that have either moved into or out of the community.

(Crude Birth rate + Emigration rate)

-minus-

(Crude Death Rate + Immigration Rate)

J shaped curve represents what type of growth

Think of the shape of the letter "J" as if it were a line on a graph representing the population growth of a community, starts out at 0 and once it starts increasing it goes straight up

Expodential Growth

think......

Exopdential meaning Infinate or to explode

Expodential Growth - J shaped curve - is when what happens to a populations growth?

when is expodential growth most likely to occur?

an increased growth rate by a fixed %

in small populations

that have low competition for resources

living in ideal conditions

S Curve shows what type of growth

Carrying Capicity is what?

Think Capicity the most

What letter represents carrying capacity & which represents the # of indivisuals?

Maximum Population Size that area can Sustain

carrying capacity- K            # of Indivisuals- N

Now think of population growth in terms of N & K

N= # of indivisuals   &     K= carrying capacity

Tell for each of the following if the population would

a) stable    b) increase     c) decrease

1)N<K       2) N>K      3) N=K

1) b)increase

if the population is less than the carrying capacity of an area then resources and space are available therefore the population can increase

2) c) decrease

if the population of an area is greater than its carrying capacity then resources are limited therefore the available resources are not enough for the population therefore population decreases

3) a) stay same

when population and carrying capacity are equal the area is said to be stable

what is overshoot?

an overshoot will result in

when a population surpasses the carrying capacity of its enviroment

diebacks, cycle of going without

Density Dependentcan result in .....

Think depends on a dense or big population

increased risk of predators

competition for mates

lack of prey

logistic growth occurs

larger populations= stronger enviromental resource needs

Density Independant

think no matter how dense or undense the population this will occur these are independant and do not rely on population nor are they affected by population

Carrying Capacity Can Change why?

Because enviroments and the world are forever changing, Humans often lower enviromental resistance by producing resources thus changing the carrying capacity.

the maximum reproductive capacity of a population if resources are unlimited.

K- selected

LOW BIOTIC POTENTIAL

other characteristics are.....opposite of R-selected

two examples

short life span, rapid growth, early maturity,

few offspring, high parental care,

best in stable enviroment, not quick to adapt

elephants     /    bears

R- Selected

HIGH BIOTIC POTENTIAL

Other characteristics are......opposite of K-selected

Examples of two

short life span, rapig growth rate, early maturity,

little parental care, many offspring

Pioneers, adaptable, nighe generalists, prey, low trophic

cock roaches   /   weeds

Population changes affect communities

1) if population of one species declines .....

2) extinction of one species can result in......

1) population of another species may appear

ex. kudzo stayed in dorment state due to climate last summer therefore kudzo bugs never really seen before covered the area looking for a food source since the kudzo wasn't florishing

2) decline in another species

ex. extinction of small fish cause the carrying capacity of the lake for bigger fish to decline.  Resources in this case the small fish the larger fish fed on no longer inhabit the lake therefore the population has reached overshoot and will experience a die back and will more than likely develope new adaptations to compensate for this loss.

The only process that can add new genes and therefore new variation to a species is___________.

stabilizing selection

selective breeding

natural selection

mutation

which of the following considered a community?

several interacting species in the same area

all living and nonliving things on earth

a single population whose indivisuals are similar enough to each other to be able to breed successfully

an ecosystem

density dependant factors have a _________ impact at ___________    population densities

ex. when in a higher population density you have a greater risk of catching a virus, cold or flu.  These can pass from one indivisual to another with a greater ease and infect larger #'s.  Depends on a carrier to get around.

greater          /          higher

which of the following is typical of a k-selected species?

parental care of the young

10,000 eggs laid per day

short life span

small body size

which of these will be the most effective action for protecting biodiversity?

practice preservation

do all of these

practice conservation

preactice ecotourism

starting with the smallest ecological organism and going up to the highest the order should go organism, _______, __________, __________, __________.

choices: (put in order)

population         biosphere

ecosystem                                community

population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

think you need a population to make  a community, a community to have a ecosystem and all together you have a biosphere

which of these matches with a type III survivorship curve?

an organism that produces huge # of offspring most of which dies quickly, with a few living to old age

humans

a species that has a constant rate of death throughout its life

enedemic species

We might find a uniorm distribution of a population when_________________.

when not enough of a resource is available for population

members of population try to avoid predators

a resource is found in limited isolated areas within the habitat

individuals are competeing for an evenly distributed resource such as space

individuals are competeing for an evenly distributed resource such as space

think Uniform Distribution

uniform- even, the same distribution- to distribute

which type of population is most vulnerable to extinction?

a small population of generalists

a small endemic population

a large population of generalist

a medium sized specialist population

a small endemic population

think about the fact the entire population is confined to one location, and there is already a small # of this population if disease or disaster happened it could wipe them all out.

if we are not concerned with migration how should we calcualte population growth rate?

J curve rate       S curve rate

population growth rate

natural growth rate

population growth rate

the overall growth of a population

imagine a population of fish in the ocean which of these could be a limiting factor?

atmospheric oxygen levels  

rainfall

dissolved oxygen levels

the pH of soil

Insect populations are agricultural pests.  they are small, mobile & rapidly reproduce.  which below describes this species?

K-selected           Endimic

R-selected       type one survivorshipcurve

which is a step that Costa Rica took to safe guard it sbiodiversity?

members of quakers converted 90% of forest into dairys

opened reserve to hunter and loggers

closed national parksand made public protected in the intrest of ecotourism

It opened national parks and create protected ares so that close to 25% of its land is protected or reserved

It opened national parks and create protected ares so that close to 25% of its land is protected or reserved

The main reason humans converted the native ecosystem

of Costa Rica for other uses is humans wanted to......

Assuming a population grows by a fixed % each year, which of the following starting populations would experience the biggest increase in its population from one year to the next?

2,000 indivisuals          1,000 indivisuals

10 indivisuals          150 indivisuals

Natural Species will compete Explorative, predation, parasites, herbivory, mutalism

Items they compete for are

Intraspecific Competition

is competition with _______ species

____ population density = _____ competition

ways in which the species will react to this competition

Same

high = high

spread out, share, protect area

Interspecific competition

is competition with ____ species

they either learn ______ or ______ for _______

What is optimal advantage?  And what happens if one has an optimal advantage?

differrent

co-existence or compete for exclusion

optimal advantage is good it means one is better adjusted or has the upper hand for one reason or another, the species with the optimal advantage will over throw the other

Niche

No two species compete for very long

difference between

fundamental niche

and

realized niche

 fundamental niche describes the potential a species has to be completely successful in using its resources to the fullest extent

realized niche describes what a species is
actually going to do in terms of using its resources.

Where resources in an environment are limited, different species have evolved to "share" the specific resource

example: large herbivores such as zebra and wildebeest will live together in herds in the African bushveld. They are both grazers, but feed on different parts of the grass plants. Space may also be shared in a similar way.

The divergence of adaptations or other characteristics between two similar species, in which the species finds themselves sharing and having to compete for the habitat.

"survival of the fittest"

for ones own gain

think exploit

"selfish"

predation is

examples

the capture of prey for means of survival, way of life

snakes : rodents

lions : gazelles

lizards : insects

Prey and Predators

impact on population

increase prey = ______ predator

decrease prey = ________predator

increase pedator = ______ prey

decrease pedator =  ________ prey

increase predator.....because extra resources are available

decrease predators.....because resources are limited, overshoot

decrease prey.....because there are more predators and not enough prey overshoot

increase prey.....the predators have plenty and do not need all available

the process in nature by which, according to Darwin's theory of evolution, only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit their genetic characteristics in increasing numbers to succeeding generations while those less adapted tend to be eliminated.

"survival of the fittest"

natural selection plays a role in defense mechanisms

some are developed over time and aide in survival in their enviroment

 Give examples of defense mechanisms.....

warning coloration- bright colors to derter peditors, camoflauge- the ability to blend with enviroment

mimicking- appearring to be something they are not, some animals can also flare their necks, hiss, growl, snarl, appear bigger, blow them selves up, play dead, release smells, shoot venum or spit and etc.

blow fish - blow them selves up like a ballon

lizards- have extra part sround their necks that fare

possums- play dead

skunk - release odor