A description of the amount of hydrogen in a compound.  =7 Neutral

7> Base

7<Acid

Compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water, if the ph is less than 7 the compound is said to be acidic.

7<

Bases are substances that readily take up hydrogen ions (H+) and release hyroxide ions (OH+) in solution.

Considered to be a base if the ph is greater than 7

7>

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant

There is no loss or gain of energy in any energy transformation.

*conservative prespective - energy used today is unavailable for the future ( turn off lights save, use solar enery, don't burn fossil fuel, insulate home save watts )

Energy contained in moving objects

EXAMPLE: Waterfall

Energy that is stored but not available for use.

EXAMPLE: Apple

Hint: Potential energy think stored for potential (possible) use, such as the apple stores, eventually the apple is consumed and the consumer uses this energy to power their body.

the ratio of useful out put of energy in reguards to the amount of energy that is input

Low Quality Energy- uses very little of its energy Incandescent Light bulb only uses 5% of its energy to create light the rest of the energy creates heat.

less intense, uses a very small amount of the energy input to create output

Long Wave Lengths

EXAMPLES Infrared, Microwaves, Radio Waves

Intense Energy -uses most of its input for out put. 

Creates Short Wave Lengths

EXAMPLES:  Gamma Ray, X Ray, Ultraviolent

with each successive energy transfer or tranformation, less energy is available to do work

via high vs low quality of energy

weight of the entire mass and measures for all isotopes making up that element

weighed in atomic mass units and grams per mole

element whose atoms are composed of 2 or more elements

hint: think compound being more than 1

6H(2)O + 6CO(2) + Sun -> C(6) H(12)O(6) (sugar) + 6O(2)

-six molecules of water plus six of carbon dioxcide using soloar energy (sun) Produce one molucule of sugar plus 6 of oxygen

Both sides are balanced

C(6)H(12)O(6)+6H(2)O+6CO(2)+energy

Reverse of photosynthesis

splits carbon and hydrogen atoms from the sugar molecules and produces carbon dioxide and water

Organic Compounds make up ____ _____, they are often ____ &____ built of _______ ______, contain ____ background.  _____ facilitates a ______ reaction in cells.  Usually contain _____, _____, ______.

*Name 4 major Categories*

compounds that make up living things, 

molecules -often large and complex built of carbon atoms, contain- carbon background 

Enzymes -facilitate chemical reactions in cells

Usually contain H, N, P(hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphate)

*4 major Categories*

Lipids, Carbohydrates, Protiens, RNA/DNA

the most abundant compound on earths surface

covering 70%.

in nature water exists as solid lquid and gaseous states

H(2)O

meaning 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen

carbon dioxide enters through leaves surface,

w/ sun light, existing oxygen, & water coming from the plants roots it becomes sugar making ATD

It is then absorbed into the plant as food

Oxygen is released through the plants surface

Photosythesis- captures energy, consumes carbon dioxide & water to produce sugar and oxygen, only some plants and bacteria are capable

Cellular Respiration- releases energy, consumes sugar and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, all organisms respire!

Both- store energy in chemical bonds, & both conserve energy

Power's Earth's systems

heated magma in valcanoes

radioisotopes deep in the earth heat the core

located  deep in the ocean where heated water spurts out, ecosystems use this heated water since they do not get heat or light from the sun

Process bacteria uses from hydrothermal vents to produce sugar like in photosynthesis

uses hydrogen sulfate to produce sugar

6CO(2) + 6H(2)O  + 3H(2)S ->C(6)H(12)O(6) (sugar) + 3H(2)SO(4)

plate tectonics in the pacific belt causes hurricanes, earthquakes and other natural desasters

earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, tsunamis