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| Big Events that Ended the Middle Ages |
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| The Crusades, The Black Death, The Great Schism, and the Hundred Year's War |
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| A period of great intellectual and artistic creativity between the 14th and 17th centuries |
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| A sculptor, inventor, and painter of the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper" |
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| Florentine artist who made sculptures such as "David," "Moses," and the "Pieta" |
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| Created the Florence Cathedral |
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| Creation of the Protestant churches |
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| Augustinian monk who posted the 95 theses on the church door in Germany in 1517 |
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| Reformer who started a new Protestant church in Geneva |
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| Introduced scientific method to observe nature and test hypotheses |
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| Polish scientist who concluded the Earth orbited the Sun |
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| Italian scientist who used a telescope to determine the Earth's orbit |
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| When people began to show greater interest in the world than in the afterlife |
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| The idea of placing a greater emphasis on the uniqueness of each person instead of religion |
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| Greek thinking influenced an emphasis on human reasoning |
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| Columns and circular arches featured |
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| Shift in thinking about the natural world from religious ideas to using scientific methods instead |
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| Machine for printing text or pictures |
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| Observing things, making hypotheses about relationships, and then testing through experiments |
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| A release from some or all punishment for sin by the Catholic church, reducing time in purgatory after death |
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| Statements posted by Martin Luther that challenged the Pope's right to sell indulgences |
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| Movement to revive Catholicism in response to the Reformation |
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| Not spiritual; relating to the natural world |
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| Language spoken by ordinary people in a particular country or region |
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| People who believe or teach something that goes against accepted or official beliefs |
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| A belief that everything that will happen has already been decided by God or fate and cannot be changed |
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| A conflict between England and France over who would be the next king of France. It strengthened the power of monarchs, and led to the end of feudalism |
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| Split between the Catholic church where multiple men simultaneously claimed to be the true Pope, damaging the reputation of the church and weakening its authority |
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| To be expelled from the church |
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| A court whose purpose was to punish heretics |
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| scientist who discovered the laws of gravity |
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| Irish chemist who conducted experiments on gases at different temperatures |
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