Term
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Definition
| Social activity involving, public choices which hold for all members of a community (i.e. authoritative choices) |
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Term
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Definition
| Involve the making of a common decision for a group of people, that is, a uniform decision applying in the same way to all members of the group |
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Term
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Definition
| Involve the use of power by one person or a group of people to affect the behavior of another person or group of people |
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Term
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Definition
| Those actions that contribute to the making of a common policy for a group of people |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Power
inspires people, figures perceived as extra ordinary (ex. MLK ) |
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Term
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Definition
- Power
• Religion
• Customs, institutions |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when one country exercises power over another, via settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control or influence |
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Term
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Definition
- Imperialism
Types:
Started in 700’s when Mohammad died trying to spread Islam |
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Term
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Definition
- Imperialism
Types:
Anglo-Iranian →British Petroleum →BP |
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Term
| Iran: 2009 Election and aftermath |
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Definition
o Protestors claims and demands
- Election drew a lot of people
- People thought it was suspicious, as the votes were to be counted by hand, and the results were released so quickly
- Evidence of fraud sparked protests
- Splits emerged within the ruling class
- Publicity said Mousavi probably won the vote (Ronsanjani)
- Protestors felt like they had allies within the ruling class, splits made people excited |
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Term
| Government Response to 2009 Iran Election |
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Definition
- State turned to violence
- Police had loyalty only to the supreme leader
Government Response to what event? |
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Term
| Iran: Government Response - Authority in Iran |
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Definition
-
The Supreme Leader: Khamenei (most power)
-
The Revolutionary Guard: (Khamenei is commander)
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The Guardian Council
-
President: Ahmadinejad
-
National Security Council (advisory body, nuclear policy)
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Term
| Iran/Persia’s experience with Imperialism |
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Definition
o 2 different experiences
o Western Imperialism mainly focused around oil
-
In 19th century, two powers tried to fight, Russia and England
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Persia auctioned off parts of their county to the highest bidder, borrowed heavily from both countries, making Persia dependent on foreign powers
-
Lucrative concessions given to the foreign countries integrated Persias economy into the world market
-
Integration increased the volume of trade, highly profitable to small percentage of merchants involved In the international trade
-
Integration created societal dislocations and economic slowdown, increased bankruptcy among the merchants and shopkeepers
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Term
| Iran/Persia’s experience with Imperialism |
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Definition
| Oil nationalized act-unanimous, Iran got oil back from British, Operation Ajax (and the focuses behind it) |
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Term
| Iran/Persia’s experience with Imperialism |
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Definition
| Eisenhower’s fear of “Iran going Communist” |
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Term
| Iran/Persia’s experience with Imperialism |
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Definition
| Rapacious appetite of American and British oil companies for making a profit from Irans huge oil markets pushed Brittan and American closer |
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Term
| Iran/Persia’s experience with Imperialism |
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Definition
| Join operation of CIA and British Military Intelligence |
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Term
| Iran/Persia’s experience with Imperialism |
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Definition
| Solitary confinement for three years, tried for traitors, bombers, house arrest until deathm successful perception that Mosadegh was a communist |
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Term
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Definition
| Forcefully restored order and shrewdly convinced the Majles to promote him as king (Shah) and founder of the Pahlavi dynasty |
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Term
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Definition
| Hoped to combine the best of Persia’s pre-Islamic civilization with the West’s technological achievements |
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Term
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Definition
| Created the modern Persian state |
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Term
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Definition
| Transformed Persia from a predominantly agrarian t a semi0industrial country |
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Term
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Definition
| Forced woman to unveil in 1936 |
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Term
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Definition
| Constructed the 850 mile Trans-Iranian railroad |
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Term
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Definition
| Son inherited throne after being exiled to South Africa in 1941 |
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Term
| Mossadeq creates an amalgam of several groups forming the National Front in 1949 |
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Definition
Truman Administration cautiously sympathetic towards Mossadeq
Eisenhower Administration viewed Iranian nationalism as a dangerous force that could be manipulated by the USSR |
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Term
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Definition
In early _____’s, Shah began series of reforms, including an ambitious land reform
When? |
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Term
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Definition
Khomeini opposed some reforms, such as granting suffrage to woman • Also condemned the Shah’s de facto recognition of Israel and Iran’s the friendly relations with the Jewish state
When? |
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Term
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Definition
police killed several theology students who were protesting the governmental policies in Qom
• Khomeini declared war on Shah, but not on institutional of monarchy
• Government responded by arresting Khomeini |
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Term
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Definition
Khomeini’s arrest precipitated anti-government riots in many cities in June
• Killed several hundred protestors
• Shortly after, Khomeini released from prison, continued agitation against the Shah
When? |
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Term
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Definition
Khomeini furious about American pressure on government to sign the Status of Forces Agreement (Capitulations Law)
When? |
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Term
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Definition
Majles approve a bill to give American military personnel legal immunity in Iran, approved $200 million dollar loan from US to purchase American military equipment • Khomeini denounced the Shah, said turning Iran into “US Colony” and selling Iran’s soul and hour for a mere 200 million loan
When? |
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Term
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Definition
Government exiled Khomeini to Turkey
• After brief stay, Khomeini journeyed to Iraq, where he remained until 1978 |
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Term
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Definition
Government repression, growth of protest movement, splits in ruling class By exiling Khomeini, Shah won the battle but ultimately lost the country Khomeini’s boldness in confronting the Shah gained him much respect
What Year? _____ |
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Term
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Definition
o Shah, shaken by Mossadeq’s meteoric rise to power, solidified his position
Extended his power over intelligence-gathering agencies
1957- with generous support from the CIA, created SAVAK
• Notorious secret police forced accountable only to him |
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Term
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Definition
| Shah became Iran’s undisputable autocrat until he was overthrown in 1979 |
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Term
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Definition
o Decade after Mossadeq’s downfall, the Shah was challenged by Ayatollah Khomeini
Eventually overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979 |
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Term
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Definition
Shah exiled, Khomeini takes control
The _____ Revolution
What year? |
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Term
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Definition
| 1979, Feb. –first attack on American Embassy in Teheran, orchaestrated by a small group of armed Marxists, quickly defused when Khomeini refused to support it |
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Term
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Definition
o 1979, Oct. –Carter decided to admit ailing Shah into US
Information that he had been terminally ill had been kept quiet as a state secret while he was in power
Increased the revolutionaries apprehension that the US might be planning to reinstate the Shah’s rule, as in the 1953 coup
Created a hysterical anti-American climate in Iran
Began organizing demonstrations against “US imperialism” outside the US embassy in Teheran
Militant students waiting for opportunity to strike
Took over in last October Khomeini did not support at first, but soon recognized its potential benefits, called “Iran’s second revolution, more important than the first one” |
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Term
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Definition
o 1980,Nov. –Iran signed the Algiers Agreement with the US, releasing the hostages
Timing of the hostages’ released fueled the suspicion that representatives of Reagan-Bush campaign had struck covert deal Iranians (Iran Hostage Crisis) |
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Term
| The nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran |
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Definition
| After exile, Khomeini became revolutionary and offered an Islamic alternative to the Shah’s monarchy |
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Term
| The nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran |
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Definition
| 1969- Iraq- declared Islam to be diametrically opposed to monarchy, argued that ulama have a divine mission to create an Islamic government, “nomocracy”- government of eternal and absolute laws |
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Term
| The nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran |
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Definition
| o Faqih were to rile, they were to be knowledgeable about Islamic laws and to implement them justly, concept of valayate-f’faqih, or faurdinaship of the jurisconsult was created Concept later became the foundation of the government of the " _______ Republic of _____" |
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Term
| The nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran |
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Definition
o Structural configuration-
Islamic theocracy, with limited and few democratic features (supposed to be)
System where republican component is subordinated to its Islamic element
• Within the republican component, executive and legislative portions are based on popular, but controlled, elections
• Islamic portion is non-elected, and is based on appointment
At very best, can be stated that Islamic Republic is based on limited-popular sovereignty |
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Term
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Definition
| The Tunisian spark (Bouazizi’s fire) was the proximate cause of the protest wave |
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Term
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Definition
BUT… history shows deeper causal forces that created the context for the proximate cause(s) (not only in Egypt, but we’ll focus there)
Deeper causes
↓
Proximate causes
↓
Outcome/effect (Rebellion) |
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Term
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Definition
Tunisia
Major protest Movement? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tunisia
U.S. position (& close allies like UK, France): |
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Term
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Definition
The Tunisian spark
• Tunisian Revolution (2011) → Egyptian Revolution (2011)
• only took 18 days to oust Mubarak! |
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Term
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Definition
Egypt
Major protest Movement? |
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Term
| Yes? (Egypt had a revolution, leading to Mubarak’s resignation, but it remains unclear whether Egypt will become a consolidated democracy.) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Egypt
U.S. position (& close allies like UK, France): |
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Term
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Definition
| 2006-8 labor activism in Egypt (the economic roots of revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| 2006 collective action → many more in 2007, 2008 |
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Term
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Definition
General Strike (across country)
• Demands: natl. minimum wage, corruption control... |
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Term
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Definition
STATE VIOLENCE against non-violent protesters, strikers
• 6th of April Youth Movement:
• Egyptians incr. convinced of need for regime change
• They organized, waited until the moment was right… |
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Term
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Definition
| In Egypt, US at first stood behind him, but eventually withdrew support as protests grew and grew |
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Term
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Definition
Libya
Major Protest Movement? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Anti-regime (MILITARY INVASIONW/NATO) (and pro-regime just before the protests erupted) |
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Definition
Libya
U.S. position (& close allies like UK, France): |
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Term
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Definition
| NATO* invasion of ______ (March - October 2011) |
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Term
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Definition
| a military alliance led by the U.S. along with France and the U.K. |
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Term
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Definition
After the coup in 1969, ________ in 1970s demanded
• Closure of US/UK military bases in Libya
• More revenues from foreign oil company profits |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ /Libya directly responsible for the “Lockerbie bombing” in 1988 |
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Term
| "Arab Spring” (protest wave) |
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Definition
| Not all who participated were “Arabs”, and it started in the winter! |
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Term
| "Arab Spring” (protest wave) |
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Definition
| Noam Chomsky accused the Obama administration of endeavoring to muffle the revolutionary wave and stifle popular democratization efforts in the Middle East. |
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Term
| "Arab Spring” (protest wave) |
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Definition
| o Tunisia, Egypt and Libya all Successfully had Government overthrown |
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Term
| "Arab Spring” (protest wave) |
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Definition
| Bahrain, Yemen and Syria had unsuccessful transitions, no Government overthrown |
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Term
| Civil unrest (model of democratization) |
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Definition
???
Protests → Fall of Regime |
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Term
| Civil unrest (model of democratization) |
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Definition
| Hypothesis : strong, enduring citizen mobilization for democracy tends to cause dictators to fall |
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Term
| Civil unrest (model of democratization) |
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Definition
| _______ is a major factor in many British colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| Do all major protest movements transitions? |
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Term
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Definition
| Have all transitions been triggered by major protest movement |
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Term
| (More sophisticated) Civil unrest model of democratization |
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Definition
o Protests → Fall of Regime
↘ ↗
X ,Y ,Z |
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Term
Economic factors
Intl. factors
• Splits at elite level (incl. police/military)
• Protests
• Other political, cultural factors |
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Definition
| Important factors in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Anti-regime (eventually – took a long time) |
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Definition
| Syria, U.S. position (& close allies like UK, France? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Portuguese transition, When approximately? |
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Term
| Left wing military officers, military elite officers |
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Definition
| Portuguese transition, Who led it? (Why did they?) |
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Term
• Portugal’s African colonies of Angola and Mozambique wanted to be independent
• Used songs “carnation revolution” |
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Definition
| Portuguese transition, How did it happen? Important Factors? |
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Term
| Portuguese transition, Tell the “story” of how it happened? |
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Definition
• The president did not want them to and wanted troops to fight against the colonies: the army refused
• They later began to devise a plan to overthrow the Government
• They did not want to get caught meeting while planning the coup so they had code songs play over the radio for when they need to mobilize
• Mark of the 3rd wave of democracy |
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Term
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Definition
| Spanish transition, When approximately? |
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Term
| King Juan Carlos & Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez to push for democracy |
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Definition
| Spanish transition, Who led it? (Why did they?) |
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Term
| Labor union illegal but still allowed (P&C p175) |
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Definition
| Spanish transition, How did it happen? Important Factors? |
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Term
| Spanish transition, Tell the “story” of how it happened? |
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Definition
• Dictator passed, state turned to political chaos, King came into power, made deals with the military
• After the death of Franco in 1975, democratic Constitution was put before people in referendum (likely question) |
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Term
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Definition
| British transition, When approximately? |
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Term
| Rich landowners, elites made king sign the Magna Carta |
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Definition
| British transition, Who led it? (Why did they?) |
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Term
• 1860s industrialization important factor/turning point that lead to democratization
• Civil unrest clearly a major factor in many British colonies |
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Definition
| British transition, How did it happen? Important Factors? |
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Term
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Definition
| First time aristocracy challenged monarchy is with Magna Carta in 13th century |
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Term
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Definition
King forced to sign Magna Carta which put constraints on the king’s power and created parliament
Century? |
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Term
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Definition
________ century “reformation”- church of England formed separate from Catholic church and a stronger parliament
Century? |
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Term
|
Definition
civil war b/w Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell and Royalist led by King Charles I. Cromwell won and the king was beheaded, 11 years without a monarchy, monarchy restored in 1660, 1668 Charles successor driving throne, William and Mary invited from the Netherlands to take throne
Century? |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ rule – turned into a dictatorship lead by Cromwell the he died and the monarchy was restored |
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Term
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Definition
• The “________ Revolution” – King James II vs The Parliament monarch became to turn into a figurehead than an authority
Parliament: (Parliamentary supremacy)
Feared Catholic tyranny (loss of rights)
Declared King’s resignation
→ new King/Queen (William & Mary)
Passed Bill of Rights
Became dominant pol. inst. |
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Term
|
Definition
king George did not speak English and he relied on his cabinet
(r. 1714-28) (unintentionally) bolstered parliament’s power even more by delegating authority to prime minister, cabinet |
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Term
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Definition
| entury woman got the right to vote |
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Term
| "Modernization” hypothesis |
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Definition
| Economic Development → Democratization |
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Term
| "Modernization” hypothesis |
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Definition
o That democracy blooms organically with economic development examples that don’t work:
• China- Rich but not democracy
• Singapore
• Saudi Arabia
• Ghana – Very poor but still a democracy |
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Term
| Higher standards of living/social structure lead to democracy? |
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Definition
| What is the basic argument of Moderization? |
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Term
| Higher incomes, new social structure, new demands, attitudes and identities lead to democracy |
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Definition
| What is the more developed argument? (i.e. why x leads to y) of Moderization? |
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Term
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Definition
| East Germany and a few neighbors, transition, when (approximatley? |
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Term
| important domestic and international factors for East Germany and a few neighbors transition |
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Definition
important domestic and international factors?
• Policy changed in Hungary
• Soviet reforms
• Widespread fraud within government
• Ad demonstration effects (In E. Germany)… |
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Term
| Political Factors in East Germany and a few neighbors transition |
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Definition
Growing democratic movement
Leadership mistake by Shabowski… |
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Term
| Economic Factors in East Germany and a few neighbors transition |
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Definition
| Major economic problems/govt. incompetence |
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Term
| Cultural Factors in East Germany and a few neighbors transition |
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Definition
| Widespread demand for democracy |
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Term
| the “story” of how it happened ast Germany and a few neighbors transition |
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Definition
• Hungary open border with Austria
• Started domino effect
• Leipzig demonstrations (occurred on Mondays)’
• Military refused to shoot demonstrators
• Shabowski- let word out on Berlin |
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Term
|
Definition
Intl. isolation (from “the West”)
Repressive “police states”
Econ. problems across the ______ _____, 1980s |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pre-1989 uprisings/resistance? Hungary |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pre-1989 uprisings/resistance? Czech |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-1989 uprisings/resistance? Poland? |
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Term
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Definition
• Indep. labor union → party
• Solidar ity won 99% open seats! |
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Term
|
Definition
Does democratization spread?
Wave _: came in the wake of WWI. Germany became a democracy in 1918 and new democracies were created in E. Europe around the same time many were created in Latin America as well |
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Term
|
Definition
Does democratization spread?
Wave _: after WWII as democracy reestablished democracy in places like Germany and Italy |
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Term
|
Definition
Does democratization spread?
Wave _: started in 1970 with the reintroduction of democracy in Portugal and Spain
Early 1990’s with the fall of the soviet union |
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Term
|
Definition
Does democratization last?
Democratic transition
Authoritarian Regime ↷ Electoral Democracy _ Consolidated Democracy
is the first or second step? |
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Term
|
Definition
Does democratization last?
Democratic transition
Authoritarian Regime_ Electoral Democracy ↷ Consolidated Democracy
is the first or second step? |
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Term
Very Unlikely
"the only game in town |
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Definition
When return to authoritarianism? _____
When democracy is ...________ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Concentration of power on the hands of a ruler or small ruling elite that is not accountable to most citizens |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Ruled by one person |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Ex. President of Gambia
• Doesn’t believe HIV causes AIDS |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Absolute rule |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Obituary rule |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Personalistic autocratic regime – Stalin rule in USSR |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Many ordinary autocrats in history – former dictator of Singapore |
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Term
| Monarchy (Absolute Monarchy) |
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems:
King Abdullah, Leader of Saudi Aradia |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Systems in which the power to rule is inherited through desent in a family |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Most today are found in the Middle East, and are often underdeveloped states not much touched modernity
• Examples of oil-rich ________ in the Mideast:
Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Not to be confused with “constitutional _______” where a hereditary ________ exists as part of a democracy |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Queen Elizabeth II – constitutional ______/very limited power |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
King Abdullah II (Jordan) –constitutional m________/extensive power |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
State ruled by a set of religious leaders, who derive their power from their position in religion |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Legitimacy comes from the shared faith of the citizens
• Examples
Iran –religious police, job is to uphold religion
Catholic Church –controls Vatican, Pope at the top |
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Term
|
Definition
| Types of Authoritarian Systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| Types of Authoritarian Systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities. |
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Term
|
Definition
Military Dictatorship
• Takes power through no regular process but simply seizes it
• Group of officers use their troops to take over the governmental apparatus and run it themselves (coup d’etat)
Examples:
Burma –Myanmar
Nigeria -1966 to 1978, where much of that time there was considerable civilian support
• Military government take control via coup “strike at the state” |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
(e.g. Chile 1973-90, Burma 1962-?, Egypt 2011-?, many others) |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Coup d’état by military is most common in new democracies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
less than 10% of countries have military rule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Whether a country has a civilian or military government is largely unrelated to its rate of economic development |
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Term
|
Definition
| Types of Authoritarian Systems The political ideology of a ________ government can be right [Egypt, Pakistan, Sudan, Thailand], left [Libya, Myanmar], or center [Turkey]. |
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Term
• Satisfaction with the status quo
• Disunity
• Reluctance to seize power |
|
Definition
Why aren’t there more military governments?
________
________
________ |
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|
Term
• We’re not ideological.
• We just want to restore order.
• We’re here to protect the nation.
• We’re here to help! |
|
Definition
What Military governments they often say:
___________
____________
___________
__________ |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Sometimes military junta member becomes president, but pres. still part of ______ government |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
the competition within one dominant party is more important than any competition offered by other parties |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Syria's Baath Party (i.e. for now… it’s undergoing a strong challenge/rebellion) |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI): a center party that ascribes to social democracy, founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the Mexican Revolution. Prominent both right-wing and left-wing Mexican politicians have been members of the party. Finally lost control of the national government in 2000 |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Singapore’s People's Action Party (PAP) |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Military coups (Libya under Col. Khadaffi) |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
• National independence movements
Communist – China, Cuba, Vietnam
Anti-communist – South Korea & Zaire |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Zimbabwe
• Robert Mugabe
Leader of Zim. indep. movement
Zimbabwe
• Robert Mugabe
Leader of Zim. indep. movement
Chief executive since 1980 (indep.)
Has attacked opposition parties, leaders since 1983
Chief executive since 1980 (indep.)
Has attacked opposition parties, leaders since 1983 |
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Taiwan 1949-90 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Types of Authoritarian Systems
Mexico 1920’s-2000 (PRI) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| _________ regime: Authoritarian regime that tries to totally control society, individuals’ lives/choices |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Invented 100 years ago in rich developing countries (Germany, Italy)
They had the tools and technology for complete domination |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Concentration of power in the hands of a ruler or a small ruling elite who are not accountable to most citizens (IN ALL THE DIFF. TYPES) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some democracies will collapse and turn _________
• Examples-
Honduras
Chili
1970 –President Allende elected democratically, wanted “democratic socialism” |
|
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Term
| Authoritarianism VS Totalitarianism |
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Definition
| All totalitarian regimes are authoritarian, but NOT ALL AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES ARE TOTALITARIAN (most aren’t) |
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Term
Mobilize, indoctrinate entire population in support of official state ideology
Intolerant of anything not directed toward state’s goals |
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Definition
| oHow totalitarian regimes are different? |
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Definition
| North Korea, Totalitarian? |
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| North Korea, Totalitarian |
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Definition
NORTH KOREAN TV : "Let Us Trim Our Hair in Accordance With Socialist Lifestyle“
Were told what and what not to wear |
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Definition
o 2009
THE CASE OF THE _______ COUP
• The Embassy perspective is that there is no doubt that the military, Supreme Court and National Congress conspired on June 28 in what constituted an illegal and unconstitutional coup against the Executive Branch
Collapsed as a democracies and turned Authoritarian |
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Term
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Definition
Chilie: What Year?
Allende democratically elected
Policies:
• Expanded anti-poverty project
• Expanded land reform
• Nationalize some of economy
Soon there was crisis
• Capital flight
• Hyper inflation
• Political violence
• Protest with the support of Allende |
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Term
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Definition
Chilie: What Year?
Military removed Allende from presidency
Augusto Pinochet became dictator
o Cultural factors-
Top military officers, self-identity: defenders of the nation
o Economic factors-
Crisis, sabotage by the Allende opposition
o Political factors-
Big policy change with small electoral mandate
Top military officers sought power, saw the government as incompetent, illegitimate |
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Term
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Definition
- Peru (Self-Coup)
o Basic understanding of the democratic collapse
What Year? |
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Definition
What led to Hitler’s ascent to power
Post WWI
• ________ of ___________
Territory loss
For to disarm
Pay reparations to Britain and some European countries
• Was end of an Authoritarian German Empire, being of democratic |
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Definition
What led to Hitler’s ascent to power
Political _________
• Poorly designed institutions
• 22 governments in 14 years
• Fragmented party system
• Growing dissatisfaction
• Democracy, capitalism |
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Term
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Definition
What led to Hitler’s ascent to power
__________ Election
• Nazi (didn’t win) -18.3%
• Communist -13.1%
• Social Democratic Party -25.5% |
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Definition
What led to Hitler’s ascent to power
_______ Election
• Nazi party -37.8% of the vote, 230 seats
Post-election chaos
• Hitler is appointed as chancellor |
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Definition
What led to Hitler’s ascent to power
_______ fire
• Parties, rights suspended
• End of Weimar Germany
Collapse of Weimar Germany |
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Term
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Definition
What led to Hitler’s ascent to power
• ______ factors-
Low support and democracy widespread chauvinist nationalism
Widespread skepticism about WWI and Versailles |
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Term
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Definition
What led to Hitler’s ascent to power
• ______ factors-
Instability, poorly designed institutions |
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Term
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Definition
What led to Hitler’s ascent to power
• __________ factors
WWI loss, shackles of Versailles |
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Term
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Definition
“you’re meant to rule the world” and the loss of WWI helped to lead to a Nazi Revolution
Hitler was a brilliant spaker, good organizer and politician
In the crisis, people wanted someone to blame, and looked to extreme solutions
Hitler offered them both, and Nazi success in the elections grew, Germans turned to Nazism because they were desperate |
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Term
| How the PRI make its authoritarian rule |
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Definition
Dominant-party systems
• Opposition parties allowed to exist, state constrained them
• 1910’s political → social revolution
One of the great social revolutions of the 20th century
The revolution of 1910, dominating most of the decade, created the political mythology of twentieth-century Mexico, highlighting numerous principles affecting both leadership and citizenry in the post 1920’s era
Some of the more important revolutionary concepts identified by historians include: (P&C p.175)
Mexicanization, Mexican version of nationalism
Stressing Mexican interests, economic and cultural, above foreign concerns
Social Justice, including better education and a fairer distribution of wealth for all Mexicans, mestizos, and Indians alike |
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Term
| How the PRI make its authoritarian rule |
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Definition
| “Soft” authoritarianism |
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Term
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Definition
• By late _______’s, Mexico could be described as being governed by a professional class of civilian politicians
These individuals represented the same leadership from the 1920’s to the 1990’s
Institutionalized in a national political party currently known as the Intuitional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
P –agricultural sector, R –popular sector, I –labor sector
Incorporating an amalgam of ideological interests |
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