Term
| How many steps are there for the general first aid rules? |
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Definition
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Term
| The (9) General First Aid Rules |
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Definition
1. Get organized
2. Preliminary Examination
3. Limit to ABCs for multi victim situations
4. Examine for fractures
5. Remove enough clothing
6. Keep victim reassured and comfortable
7. Avoid touching wounds/burns with fingers/unsterile objects (unless situation dicatates to do so)
8. Position conscious/semiconscious victims on their side or back with head turned to the side.
9. Carry a litter patient feet first. |
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Term
| Triage is a French word meaning? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of quickly assessing patients in a multiple-casualty incident and assigning patient a priority for receiving tx based on severity of illness or injuries. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tactical
2. Non Tactical |
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Term
| What are different groups for tactical situations? |
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Definition
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV |
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Definition
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Definition
| Require immediate life sustaining measures/moderate in nature |
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Definition
| Treatment can be delayed without jeopardy to life/loss of limb |
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Definition
| Requires extensive treatment beyond immediate medical capabilities. |
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Term
| What are the different groups for a non tactical situation? |
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Definition
Priority 1
Priority 2
Priority 3
Priority 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Correctable life threatening illnesses/injuries |
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Definition
| Serious but non life threatening |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| One thing to remember in triage is that it can always... |
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Definition
| ..change form sever to minor or vice versa. |
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Term
| The formal processes in field assessment? |
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Definition
1. Primary Survey
2. Secondary Survey |
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Term
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Definition
rapid initial assessment to detect and treat life threatening conditions that require immediate care followed by a STATUS DECISION about patient stability and priority for immediate transport.
*a treat as you go process* |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete and detailed assessment consisting of a subjective interview, an objective examination, vital signs and head to toe survey. |
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Term
| Primary Survey consists of (ABCDE) |
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Definition
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Expose |
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Term
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Definition
Asses responsiveness
Open airway (prn) |
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Term
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Definition
Provide rescue breathing (prn)
Treat conditions that may compromise breathing |
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Term
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Definition
Provide CPR (prn)
Check for profuse bleeding
Asses and begin tx for Shock |
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Term
| Irreversible brain damage can occur within? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell death can occur within? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Asses level of consciousness
Apply neck collar for neck injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Remove clothing to see if you missed any life threatening injury |
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Term
| After the ABCDE, you should.. |
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Definition
| .. make a STATUS DECISION of patients condition |
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Term
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Definition
| judgment about severity of patients condition and whether patients requires immediate transport to a medical facility without a secondary survey at the scene. |
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Term
| How long should the ABCDE, status and transport decision be made? |
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Definition
| 10 minutes from the time you arrive at the scene. |
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Term
| Importance of SHOCK CTRL and PREVENTION |
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Definition
| to recognize onset of condition and start tx before the symptoms fully develop |
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Term
| General S&S of development of shock |
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Definition
-Restlessness, apprehension (early symptoms)
-Apathy
-Breathing: rapid/labored, gasping
-Breathing Adv stages: Shallow & Irregular
- Skin Color: Very Pale/Ashen gray
- Skin Color(Dark People): pale mucous membranes, cyanotic lips.
-Skin Temp: Cool & Clammy
-Pulse : rapid, weak and thready
-Pulse (Hemorrhagic shock): 140 or higher
-Pulse (Neurogenic Shock): below 60
-Nausea, vomiting
-Dryness of lips, mouth and tongue
-Surface veins may collapse
-Complaints of thirst
-Kidneys may shut down
-Urine formation ceases/diminishes if Systolic BP fall below 80 for long periods of time
-May faint from inadequate venous blood rtn to the heart |
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Term
| Peripheral Vasconstriction |
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Definition
| Process of maintaining the blood pressure at a nearly normal level despite a moderately severe loss of circulating blood volume. |
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Term
| How to control hemorrhage (3) |
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Definition
-Pressure dressing
-Pressure points
-Torniquests |
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Term
| How many pressure points are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tourniquet consists of (3) parts |
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Definition
Band
Pad
Device for tightening the band |
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Term
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Definition
-NEVER GIVE ANY MEDICATIONS
-Lie flat with head level at body
-Turn to side if wound is at the back of the head
-Monitor for vomiting and position head to avoid vomiting
-Do not use direct pressure if skull is fractured/depressed |
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Term
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Definition
-Ensure soft tissue/tongue is not blocking the airway
-Keep nose and mouth patent
-Position nose and mouth so that blood will drain
-Not involving eyeball: apply sterile compress and hold it in place w/ a firm bandage
-If eyeball appears to be injured: ise loose bandage. MUST RCV MEDICAL ATTN STAT! |
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Term
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Definition
-Sucking Chest Wound is the worse
*Seal w/ air tight material
*Tape material in place
*Give O2
*Place in Fowler/Semi Fowler
*In combat: place on affected side
*Watch and treat for signs of shock
*NO DRINKING!!!
*Transport to MTF stat! |
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Term
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Definition
-Keep supine position
-DO NOT ATTEMPT TU PUT INTESTINES BACK IN
-If not exposed: Cover w/ dry sterile dressing
-If exposed: sterile compress mostiened with sterile H20 or anything that is held in place w/ a bandage
-DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING TO DRINK. Moisten mouth
-Start IV if MO directs to |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Open Fracture
Closed Fracture |
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Term
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Definition
-internal injury
-no break in the skin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Identification and TX for forearm fracture |
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Definition
Identify: tenderness, inability to use forearm, wobbly motion at point of injury
TX:
-If open, stop bleeding and sterile dressing over wound
-Apply pneumatic splint id avail or
-2 splints to the forearm (one on top one the bottom)
-Use bandage to hold splints
-Forearm across the chest
-Palm turned in, thumb up
-Hand should be 4 inches above elbow
-Teat for shock and evacuate |
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Term
| Identification and TX for upper arm fracture |
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Definition
Identify: pain, tenderness, swelling, wobbly potion at point of fracture
TX:
-If open, stop bleeding and treat wound
-Tx is based upon location of the break
-NEAR THE SHOULDER:
*Place pad/towel under armpit
*Secure arm to body
*Support forearm with sling
MIDDLE OF UPPER ARM:
*One well padded splint outside the arm or two wide splints or four narrow ones
*Splint arm to the body & support forearm in a narrow sling
AT OR NEAR ELBOW:
*may be bent or straight
*do not attempt to straighten it or move it in anyway
*treat for shock
*get under care of MO stat |
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Term
| Identification and TX for thigh fracture |
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Definition
Identify: spasm and pain when moving, wobbly motion, complete loss ctrl below the fracture
TX:
-If open, stop bleeding, and treat wound
-Straighten leg
-Apply two splints (in&out of leg)
*Out should be from crotch to foot
*In should be from armpit to foot
-Fasten in five places
*around the ankle
*over the knee
*below the hip
*around the pelvis
*below the armpit
-tie legs together
-splint before mobilizing pt.
-can use mftd splints such as Hare/Thomas half ring traction splints
-treat for shock and evacuate |
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Term
| Identification and TX for lower leg fracture |
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Definition
Identify: tenderness, swelling, paint at point of fracture
TX:
-If open, stop bleeding and treat wound
-Straighten leg
-Apply pneumatic splint if avail or
-(3) Splints or a pillow and (2) splints
-Treat for shock and evacuate
-if avail Use Hare/Thomas half ring traction splints |
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Term
| Identification and TX for clavicle fracture |
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Definition
Identify: injured shoulder is lower, unable to raise arm above shoulder level
TX:
-If open, stop bleeding and treat wound
-Bend arm on injured side and place forearm across chest
-Palm turned in thumb up
-Hand raised above 4 from elbow
-Support forearm by sling
-Treat for shock and evacuate |
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Term
| Identification and TX for rib fracture |
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Definition
Identify: localized pain at site of fracture
TX:
-Usually not taped, strapped or bound coz its uncomfy
-Arm on the injured side is strapped to chest
-Palm in thumb up
-Forearm raised 45 degree angle
-Secure arm to chest |
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Term
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Definition
| generated by extreme heat that overwhelms body's defenseive mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| Burns- caused by dry heat Scalds- caused by moist heat |
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Term
| Seriousness of injury cab be estimated by: DELAHO |
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Definition
Depth
Extent
Location of the burn
Age
Health
Other Medical Complications |
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Term
| How many burns of degree are there? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-epidermal skin is irritated, reddened & tingling
-sensitive to touch
-blanches w/ pressure
-mild to sever pain
-minimal edema
-healing occurs naturally w/in A WEEK |
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Term
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Definition
-characterized by epidermal blisted, mottled appearancem and a red base
-damage extends to (but not through) the dermis
-recovery usllay takes 2-3 WEEKS w/ some scarring & pigmenation
-edema
-weepiing fluid loss at the surface |
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Term
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Definition
-full thickness injury penetrating into muscle and connective tissues or even down to the bone
-tissues and nerves are destroyed
-shock
-blood in urine
-no pain at area if nerve endings are damaged and surrounding tissue will be painful
-tissue color, white (SCALDS)
-tissue color, black (CHARRING BURNS)
-wound will be dry
-fluids will be collecting in the underlying tissue
-significant fluid loss via plasma weeping/hemmorrhage
-scarring and possible loss of function
-skin grafts may be needed |
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Term
| First Aid for Thermal Burns |
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Definition
-Remove from source of thermal injury
-Maintain open airway
-Control hemorrhage & treat for shock
-remove jewelry & articles of clothing
-cover w/ clean sheets or dry dressings
-DO NOT REMOVING CLOTHING ADHERING TO A WOUND
-splint fractures
-Extensive burns (over 20% BSA): presence of shock, start IV w/ electrolyte soln 9RINGERS LACTATE) in unburned area
-Maintain IV during transpo
-Mild pain: aspirin
-Moderate pain: cool, wet compress or ice H2O immersion (burns less than 20% BSA)
-Severe pain: morphine/demerol injections
-Pain from small burns: relieve w/ anesthetic ointment if skin is not broken |
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Term
| Aid Station Care for thermal burns |
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Definition
-Continue to monitor airway patency, hemorrhage & shock
-Continue IV therapy that is in place or start a new one
-Monitor urine output
-Shave body hair well and cleanse with disinfectant soap and water
-remove dirt, greasem and noviable tissue
-apply sterile dressing dry gauze
-place bulky dressings around burn parts to absorb serous exudate
-ALL MAJOR BURN VICTIMS: a booster does of tetanus toxoid to guard against infection
-If evac to MTF is delayed for 2-3 days:
*start topical antibiotic once stabilized following debridement and wound care
*spread 1/16 inches of SULFAMYLON/ SILVADENE over burn area
*repeat after 12 hrs and then after daily debridement
*treat minor skin infections with ANTIHISTAMINES |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause: excessive sweating, drinking iced cold drinks too quickly/ in large quantity after exercise |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-move to cool place
-plenty of cool (not cold) water w/ 1 tsp of salt: 1L/1qt of H20
-manual pressure/massage cramped muscle
-transport to MTF STAT |
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Term
| Causes of Heat Exhaustion |
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Definition
-aka heat prostation or heat collapse
-caused by working/excersing in hot environments
-serious distrubance of blood flow to the brain, heart and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-weakness, diziness, headache, nausea, and loss of appetite
-may faint
-will apear ashen gray
-skin is cool, clammy, and dilated pupils
-normal VS
-weak pulse
-rapid and shallow breathing
-body temp below normal |
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Term
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Definition
-treat as if it were shock
-move to cool/air conditioned area
-loosen clothing
-apply cool wet cloths to head, axilla, groin and ankles & fan the victim
-loosen clothing
-if concious, give H20 w/ 1tsp salt: 1L of cool H20
-if vommiting, do not give more fulids
-transport to MTF
-IV for fluid & electorlyte replacement |
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Term
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Definition
-carries a 20% mortality rat
-extremly high body temp (105 F)
-breakdown of sweat mechanism
-unable to eliminate body heat build up while exercising |
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Term
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Definition
-headache, nasuea, diziness or weakness
-deep, rapid breathing (initial)
-shallow, almost absent breathing (latter)
-very dry and very hot skin
-constricted pupils
-fast, strong pulse
- |
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Term
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Definition
-this is a true-life-and-death emergency
-douse body with cold water or apply cold towels to the whole body
-move victim to the coolest place
-remove clothing as much as possible
-maintain open airway
-place victim on his back w/ head, shoulders slighty raised
-place cold packs under arms, around the neck, at the ankles, and in the groin
-expose victim to a fan/AC for cooling
-immerse victim in a cold H20 bath
-NO HOT DRINKS or STIMULANTS
-discontinue cooling when rectal temps reaches 102 F
-check temp every 10 mins
-repat cooling if temp reaches 103 F (rectally)
-transport to MTF stat, cooling must be continued while transporting
-IV fusion might be needed |
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Term
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Definition
| -continued exposure to low or rapidly falling temp, cold moisture, snow or ice |
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Term
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Definition
-shivering (attempt to regenerate heat)
-listlessness, indiferrence and drowsiness follows
-unconciousness can follow quickly
-shock
-slow shallow respiration
-death, when core body temp apporaches 8 F |
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Term
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Definition
-Observe respiratort effort and heart beat
-Rewarm
-Severe bleeding must be controlled, splint fractures
-replace wet/frozen clothing
-if inside & warm place, immersse in warm tub 100-105 F (most effective)
-rewarm the body trunk first then the extremeties
-if no tub, apply external to both sides of the victim. Naturaly body heat (skin to skin= BEST METHOD)
-can also use hot water bottles, or an electric rewarming blanket
-warm liquids to drink
-dry victim thoroughly
-transfer to MTF |
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Term
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Definition
-from prolonged exposure to wet cold temps ranging from just above freezing 5 F
-limited motion of extremeties & water soaked protective clothing |
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Term
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Definition
-tingling and numbness of affected areas
-swelling of legs, feet, or hands
-bluish discoloration of the skin
-painful blisters
-possible gangrene |
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Term
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Definition
-get victim off his feet
-remove wet shoes, socks and gloves
-expose affected area to warm, dry air
-keep the victim warm
-do not rupture blisters/apply salves and ointments
-if skin is not broken, injured part may be exposed
-if victim will be transported, cover area w/ loosely strapped fluff bandages of sterile gauze
-if skin is broken, place a sterile sheet under the extremity and gently wrap it
-transport to MTF stat |
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Term
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Definition
-ice crystals forming in the skin or deeper tissues after exposure to a temp 32 F
-most affected areas: face & extremeties |
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Term
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Definition
-skin reddens
-uncomfortable coldness
-numbness
-frozen extremity appears WHITE, YELLOW-WHITE, or MOTTLED BLUE WHITE
-cold, hard and insensitive to pressure/touch |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-surface of skin feels hard
-underlying skin will be soft and MOVES over bony edges |
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Term
| Tx for Superficial Frostbite |
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Definition
-Take victims indoors
-Rewarm hands
-Rewarm feet
-Gradually rewarm affected area
-NEVER RUB A FROSTBITE |
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Term
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Definition
-reaches into deep tissues
-ice crystals in entire thickness of extremity
-will NOT MOVER OVER bony ridges
-feels hard and solid |
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Term
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Definition
-Asses & Treat other injuries first
-DO NOT THAW
-Treat all victims with injuries to feet/legs=litter patients
-Prep for rewarming
-Rapidly rewarm by immersion in H2O at 100 F-105 F
-Dry skin afterwards
-Protect and keep it clean
-Improve moral
-Transfer to MTF |
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Term
| How to purify water under field conditions using IODINE TABLETS |
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Definition
FULL CANTEEN
-clean water: one tablet
-cloudy water: two tablets
NOTE: Double if you have a 2 qt canteen
-Replace cap wait 5 mins
-Shake
-Loosen and tip to leak over threads
-Tighten and wait 25 mins
TOTAL WAIT:30 mins |
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Term
| How to purify water using CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE |
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Definition
CANTEEN: Leave 1 in. air space
CANTEEN CUP: 1/2 water + Calcium Hypochlorite from 1 ampule
-Add 1/2 of canteen cap of calcium hypochlorite soln to the canteen
-Shake
-Loosen, invert and leak through threads
-Tighten and wait 30 mins |
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Term
| How to purify water by BOILING WATER |
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Definition
-used when purification compounds are not avail
-boiled H20 needs residual protection against recontamination
-held at rolling boil for AT LEAST 15 MINS to be safe for drinking |
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Term
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Definition
1 ft wide X 1 foot deep
-used when on march |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 ft long x 2.5 ft deep x 1 ft wide -used for 1-3 day bivouac sites |
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