Term
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Definition
Alcohol: a chemical class of substance that includes ethanol, methanol, isopropanol
Ethanol: considered safe for consumption but too much can be toxic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made through fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in grains (glucose and maltose) and fruits (glucose and fructose). Yeast breaks down the sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide evaporates, what is left is the alcohol-containing beverage. Grapes provide sugar for producing wine vs grains which provide sugars for producing beer |
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Term
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Definition
| Distillation is process used to produce liquors. Alcohol beverage is heated which causes the ethanol to vaporize. The vaporized ethanol is then cooled and condensed into a very concentrated liquid known as liquor |
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Definition
Alcohol causes sedation and central nervous system depression
Alcohol slows the transmission of nerve impulses: decreases reaction times, impairs judgement and induces sleepiness
Provides energy ~7calories/gram |
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Term
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Definition
Reasons for drinking alcohol: Religious ceremonies, relax, celebrate, socialize
Social drinking: drinking patterns that are considered acceptable by society |
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Term
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Definition
One 12-ounce beer
One 1.5 ounce liquor
One 5 ounce glass of wine |
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Term
| Positive effects of alcohol |
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Definition
Moderate alcohol consumption may have health benefits for women of 55+ and men of 45+
Consumption of 1-2 drinks daily have lower mortality rates than nondrinkers
Can increase HDL cholesterol
Inhibits blood from clotting and therefore reducing risk of heart attack
Red wine and dark beer contain antioxidants |
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Term
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Definition
Some of the alcohol is metabolized in the stomach via enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
Women have 1/3 less than men which means women absorb 1/3 more alcohol than men
Fasting promotes breakdown of ADH
Food in the stomach can slow the absorption of alcohol
Most alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine
Most alcohol is metabolized in the liver |
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Definition
Liver can only metabolize one drink for every 1.5 hours
If liver cannot handle extra alcohol, the alcohol will reenter the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC): amount of alcohol in your blood. As BAC increases so does the level of impairment to the brain |
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| Alcohol to the Brain and Heart |
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Definition
If enough alcohol is consumed it can suppress the activities of the brain stem such as heart rate and breathing
Too much alcohol can cause brain shrinkage
Alcohol which is not metabolized will return to the blood and flow through the body including the brain |
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| Factors which affect Alcohol |
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Definition
Gender, body type, food consumed, and amount consumed
Consuming food prior to consuming alcohol can slow the absorption by 3x |
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Term
| Effects of Alcohol: Hangover |
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Definition
Hangovers, slurred speech, blurred vision, brain damage/addiction/stroke, heart disease, irregular heart beat, liver failure, osteoporosis, impotence/infertility, malnutrition/overnutrition
People of asian decent experience alcohol flush which is a reddish skin reaction due to a lack of a certain enzyme
Hangover: collective term for the unpleasant symptoms including headaches, dizziness and nausea which occurs after excessive alcohol consumption
Diuretics: loss of electrolytes causes dehydration
Stomach acids: causes nausea
Congeners: enhance taste and appearance |
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| Effects of Alcohol: Hormones |
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Definition
Insulin and glucagon: low blood-glucose, fatigue, anxiety and irritability
Interferes with sex hormones: increases estrogen in women (increased risk of breast cancer) and increases sexual dysfunction |
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| Effects of Alcohol: Nutrition |
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Definition
Alcohol is most often mixed with other caloric mixers in order for better taste but added onto an already calorie filled diet this will make one gain weight.
Excessive consumption of alcohol has shown increase of fat and weight around the stomach, “beer belly”
Individuals who drink excessively often have inadequate diets which do not meet the daily needs for fiber, proteins, vitamins A, C, D, riboflavin and thiamin and calcium and iron |
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Term
| Those who shouldn't drink |
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Definition
Women who may become pregnant
People who cannot control their intake
Pregnant and lactating women
Children and adolescents
Those with medical conditions and taking medications
Individuals undertaking activities which require coordination and attention |
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Term
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Definition
Maternal drinking during pregnancy
Characteristic pattern of facial abnormality:
Low nasal bridge, small head circumference, small eyelid opening, underdeveloped groove in center of upper lip
Growth retardation
Brain damage which causes intellectual or behavioral problems |
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Term
| Alcohol Abuse vs Dependency |
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Definition
Alcohol abuse = problem drinker
Alcohol dependency = alcoholism |
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Term
| Stages of Alcohol on Liver |
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Definition
Alcohol affects the liver
Fatty liver: Occurs after an excessive time of intense drinking in a short period in which the liver is preoccupied with metabolizing alcohol that it cannot metabolize fat which causes a build up of fat in the liver. It can be reversed if the alcohol consumption stops.
Alcohol hepatitis: Liver becomes irritated by various by-products of alcohol metabolism.
Cirrhosis: cells of the liver die and forms scar tissue |
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Term
| Alcohol abuse and tissue metabolism |
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Definition
Stomach cells over-secrete acids
Intestinal cells fail to absorb B vitamins
Liver lose efficiency to process and use Vitamin A, D and bile excretion
Kidney excretion of minerals increases |
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Term
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Definition
Males = 5+ drinks
Females = 4+ drinks
Can lead to blackouts and alcohol poisoning
Alcohol poisoning: when BAC levels rise to such a high level that a persons central nervous system, breathing and heart rate are interrupted. |
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Term
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Definition
body adjusts to long-term alcohol use and brain becomes less sensitive to alcohol, more is needed to get the same intoxicating effect
The earlier in life someone starts drinking the higher the chance that alcohol will become a problem
Starting at age 15 is five times more likely to develop alcohol dependency |
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Term
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Definition
Craves alcohol
Develops a higher tolerance for it
Can’t control or limit intake
Develops tolerance because withdrawal occurs when drinking stops |
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