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| He was a polish scientist he didn’t think the earth was the center of the universe. He writes a mathematical proof that says the sun is the center of the universe and the earth is the 3rd planet from the sun. he knew that if he published these events he would be hung. |
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| Italian. He perfected the telescope, he watched the movements of the moon and different planets that the orbits were not perfect circles they were elliptical. He was the first to see the rings of Saturn. |
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| Galileo’s book written in Latin. He spelled out his beliefs: the earth is not the center, planets move in elliptical orbits, the phases of the moon, rings of Saturn. This book was not popular, he is called before the Inquisition and he retracts the starry messenger. He was watched for the rest of his life. |
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| 1560’s invents the first microscope he looks at many bugs, mainly a flea |
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| discovered what the heart did on the battlefield. It used to only have the function of being the seed of your emotions. |
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| English. He was born premature and was a very poor student. His parents shipped him off to Cambridge university in England, it was not like Cambridge today. The universities were conservative, dominated by theological theology, law and history. There are no classes in the sciences yet. He was curious about Chemisty, Optics and how light works. is credited with the invention of calculus. He was interested on how the optical nerve works. He did experiments on himself. |
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| fundamental basics of Physics, they have only ever been modified by Einstein and others and have been true since. |
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social scientist. Applies scientific method to social issues. He is between the scientific revolution and the French enlightenment thinkers. He wrote on politics and government, religion.
• He wrote the two treatises of government. In this he proposes that all men have political rights, all people have rights in general. His ideas influence the framers of the US constitution and the Bill of Rights and the social contract. |
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| created the first encyclopedia. Based on the assumption that you can organize all human knowledge and it should be done. It was a very popular idea. Diderot’s work was not popular in Roma where there were long traditions. He saw churches as a fraud. He was an atheist. He was against religion and the giving of money to churches. |
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| French thinkers, they hung around Paris and the salons and they applied themselves to thinking about things. They questioned society in general. They questioned government ideas, how children should be raised. |
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| French thinkers, they hung around Paris and the salons and they applied themselves to thinking about things. They questioned society in general. They questioned government ideas, how children should be raised. |
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| the most important enlightenment principles. His works are satirical. People have rights to question the government without being shut down. He moved from one court to the other. He was not for violence, none of the enlightenment people are. The ideas of the enlightenment, however, are going to be the reason for much violence. He believes the best government is a constitutional monarchy. • A novel called Candide- a French satire. |
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| a campaign to beautify churches in England. He moves the Eucharist back to the back of the church. The puritans think he is returning back to the papist ways of the church. |
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| blames the people who were at fault for causing the breakdown of English society are the Roman Catholics. They also blame all the Couriers. |
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| believed that if they got rid of all the king’s advisers, bishops, couriers etc. Charles would be able to function properly |
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| • Williams Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury |
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| first victim of the civil war- he is arrested, sent to the tower of London and then executed in 1645. |
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| • Cavaliers(charle's side) |
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| longer hair, nobleman, princes, had money. |
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| Roundheads (Parliamentary)- |
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| short hair and round helmets |
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| Cromwell and the army got rid of all in parliament that disagreed with him, parliament becomes known as the rump- all radicals. |
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| puritanical. No festivals, theaters, Christmas celebrations, closed taverns. he imposed a harsh moral code throughout the period through which he is imposed. The Commonwealth is replaced by the rule of the generals and when those fail Cromwell becomes known as the Lord Protector. |
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| - put into existence by Prude’s Purge |
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| a further radicalization only supporters of Cromwell and the army remain. |
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| • Act of Uniformity, 1662 |
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| meant conformity in religious expression mandated by law- in other words, if you were a proper citizen you must take communion in the church of England and you would face penalties if you did not comply |
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| allowed people to worship in the manner they wished, but was not full religious freedom. Exceptions- Roman Catholics were excluded, as well as Jews and Muslims. Those not participating in the services of the Church of England were barred from the army, parliament, government service, becoming a lawyer and the universities. FIRST HALLMARK OF THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. |
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| would not limit free speech in Parliament, Crown would not raise taxes without parliamentary approval, crown would not interfere in parliamentary elections, Promise of frequent parliaments every 3 years, anyone accused of a crime must be tried by a jury of peers, no standing army in England. SECOND HALLMARK OF THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION |
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| It was designed to be a system of education where you made the intelligentsia support the absolute estate. |
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| was a period of off and on violence and rebellion. The nobles fight the king and the king’s officials and they fight each other for political power. It is a difficult period to live through. The Fronde leaves a very strong impression on Louis XIV. He is kidnapped twice. It helps form his political ideology: unless you have absolute power, you have chaos. He becomes the model for all absolutist regimes. |
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| became the model for every monarch. They all wanted to be like Louis XIV. They are dominated by powerful personalities. Louis XIV was to become the most glorious and famous king, he is still talked about. He broke the power of the nobility of france. |
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| • Levee and the couchee. Levee- rise in the morning. Couchee- go to bed at night. He would have the duke of burgundy hand him his bedtime slippers. He belittled all the nobility. They continued to take it because access to the king meant power. He would cause them to turn against each other, so they are focusing on who is going to give him his slippers instead of overthrowing the throne. |
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| German nobles who owned all the land. He promised that if they served in the army they would have absolute control over their serfs. |
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| - a little kid when he became king, the great grandson of Louis XIV. He will be king from 1715-1774 |
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| a tax on salt. It was a big money maker. There were ways around it. You could buy an exemption from the tax. Nobles are still exempt from the salt tax, and the highest amount of taxes that were used fell upon the poorest people. |
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| • Oath of the Tennis Courts |
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| June 20, 1789 where the third estate declared themselves the new national assembly of the State of France. |
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| the symbol of the old regime of France, it was an armory and a prison. The fall of the Bastille was on July 14, 1789. One this day the Bastille had 7 prisoners. All of which were bonefide mad men. The guards are usually men who are retired from the military. after hordes of angry women sacked and killed guards of the Bastille, they went to Paris. |
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| • Declaration of the rights of man, 1789 |
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| august of 1789, very similar to the bill of rights. Gave freedom of religion, speech, and established civil liberties. It reformed the tax code, and abolished all exemptions. Resolved trade barriers. Reformed the weights and measures in science. The only thing it does not do is abolish the Monarchy of France. |
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| a group within the national assemble, who were firmly committed to the revolution. They led the charge to execute the counterrevolutionaries. Decreed that the King must be tried and condemn for treason. He was executed in January 1793. |
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| Invented by Dr Joseph Guillotine as a humane way to execute the condemned. Anyone can operate it, it is quicker, instantaneous etc. |
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| becomes the leader of the French Republic (The Terror) 1758-94. |
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| The committee of public safety |
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| broad reaching powers, it was formed with the task to defend the revolution from its’ enemies: the church and counter-revolutionaries (nobles, peasants, anyone devoted to the church). The committee is responsible for the mass executions. |
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| the government in Paris sends an army to the area known as Vendee to get rid of the radicals and exterminate the counter-revolutionaries, because the people there revolted. This leads to a mass execution and they were brutal with their tactics. They said the entire region is full of counter-revolutionaries and there is not a portable guillotine so they decided to tie the peasants together and tie them to a barge and sink the barge. When he was done, his final report said, “the Vendee has perished.” |
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| the first proper military draft regardless of sex. All citizens have to enlist in some form to aid the revolution. It gave government control over factories and forced labor upon people. All the businesses in France were geared toward mobilization for war. |
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| protect private property, middle class, but doesn’t protect the mob and the peasants. |
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| all trade was controlled by the French and no one was allowed to trade with Great Britain. It backfired badly, because they didn’t use trade with the European countries it was mainly based on trade from the Americas and Africa and Australia , and it killed the companies that did minimal trade with Britain. |
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| means “little war” the Spaniards would attack the French soldiers the were sent into Spain so the bad things wouldn’t happen. The Guerillas were funded by British gold. |
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| ruler of Russia who wasn’t approving of Napoleon, and is very wary of what Napoleon might do. |
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| army of 500,000 soldiers to march into Russia. |
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| Napoleon was exiled to this island and they would give him and allowance just so that he wouldn’t mess with Europe anymore. In Feb. 1815 Napoleon returned to France. And Austrian and Prussia don’t like that so they IMEDIATELY declared war of France. |
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| where the Austrian and British army are camped and attacked by Napoleon, but they defeat him. Napoleon is Captured and he was put on the Ile of St. Helena. And island between Africa and South America. |
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| Napoleon was exiled to this island and they would give him and allowance just so that he wouldn’t mess with Europe anymore. In Feb. 1815 Napoleon returned to France. And Austrian and Prussia don’t like that so they IMEDIATELY declared war of France. |
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| • Congress of Vienna 1814-15 |
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| met to decide what they were going to do with Europe and their problems. The act of diplomacy to try to work things out instead of ruining the country with war. There are no kings or rulers, but politicians. |
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| the middle class. White collar workers. These are the people who owned the factories, went into law, and who didn’t get their hands dirty. |
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| the working class. They are both the industrial workers and the farmers. |
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| led by the famous general Ludd who is a made up figure. They were factory workers. They went on a rampage when they lost their jobs and destroyed all the electrical looms because they lost their jobs. They wanted industrialism to stop. They were rounded up and some were even executed. They were obviously unsuccessful. |
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| protected the rights of the factory workers. It is the first regulatory industrial act in the world. Only had to work 12 hours, except on the weekends when it was 8 hours. They had to give their workers and hour break for lunch. No kid under 9 could work. And proper ventilation was critical. |
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| passed because they were concerned about workers unionizing. Made labor unions illegal all together. Later on gets revoked in 1824. |
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| Christian socialists who wanted to live peacefully and quietly. |
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| textile factory owner. He established a workers commune New Harmony. |
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| brought socialist belief and thought to reality. His system was very logical and persuasive. One of the greatest thinkers of the 19th century, but not the greatest man. Beat his wife and kids. Slept around. Etc. believed humanity was extremely materialistic. Thought that money=power. |
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