Culture

 1.

_______ is a way of life, idea, customs, and skills of a group that are passed along through generations.

civilization

2.

A _________ is a society that has cities, a well organized government, and workers with specialized job skills.

birth of Christ

3.

Our current calendar was designed in 500 A.D. to highlight the ____________.

Cultural borrowing

4.

__________ is the transfer of ideas or customs from one culture to another.

river systems

5.

Early civilizations developed near ________ which provided food, water, transportation, trade and irrigation.

Artifacts

6.

________ are human-made objects (tools, jewelry, toys, and coins) that teach about the customs and beliefs of people of the past.

Prehistory

7.

_________ is history that took place before the development of writing.

Oral tradition

8.

________ is stories, myths, and legends that are passed on by word of mouth from generation to generation.

Archaeology

9.

________ is the study of human life in the past through examination of artifacts, ruins, bones, and fossils.

excavation

10.

The process of digging up remains of the past is called _________.

hunter-gatherers

11.

The earliest humans were called __________ because they hunted for wild animals and gathered wild plants for food.

tools and fire

12.

The development of ______ and the use of _______ were key factors in the survival of early humans.

domestication

13.

As early humans settled, they began to change the behavior of plants and animals in ways that were useful for them; this process is called _______.

city - state

14.

A _________ is the city and surrounding land and villages it controls.

Barter

15.

______ is a system of trade in which people exchange goods/services but do not exchange money.

artisan

16.

A person skilled at making a particular product by hand (pottery, jewelry, tools) is call an ________.

the land between the rivers

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

17.

Mesopotamia means ________ and is located in the fertile valley between the ________.

irrigation system

18.

The Sumerians were the first to create an __________ (a system of watering crops) with dams, gates, and canals.

polytheism

19.

___________ is the belief in many gods.

religion

and

government

20.

In Mesopotamia, _______ and _____ were combined and controlled by the priest.

pictograph

21.

A __________ is a picture that represents and object.

Cuneiform

22.

A written language of Sumer, ______, is a wedge-shaped, Mesopotamian writing made with a reed stylus.

Scribe

23.

A ______ is a person trained to write and keep records in ancient times.

Empire

24.

An _______ is a group of countries or peoples ruled by one government.

Sargon of Akkad

25.

___________ was the first ruler to unite the city-states of Sumer into one empire. 

Hammurabi's Code

26.

___________ was an organized set of laws that established a way of life with law by order (rules and punishments) for the ancient Mesopatamians.

wheel

sailboat

27.

The Sumerians invented the _____ and _______ to move trade items to and from Sumer.

Nile River

lifeblood

28.

Egypt is located in northeastern Africa along the _______, the "_________" of Egypt because of food and trade.

Papyrus

29.

_________ is long, thin reed growing along the banks of the Nile, used by Egyptians to make writing material.

Hieroglyphics

30.

____________ are symbols used to stand for words or sounds in Egypt.

gods

31.

Egyptians believed their kings were both humans and _______.

mummy

32.

A ________ is a body preserved by a special process.

mud brick

stone

33.

Homes and buildings in Egypt were made of _________; more important buildings (pyramids, temples, tombs) were made of ______ (limestone, granite) using simple tools and no wheels.

afterlife

34.

Egyptians spent much of their lives planning to live for eternity because they believed in an ______, life after death.

Queen Hatshepsut

35.

____________ was the first recorded woman ruler of a nation; she reigned in a time of peace and wealth.

inundation

36.

The three seasons (flooding, planting, and harvesting) in Egypt were based on ____________, or the annual flooding of the Nile River.

natural borders

37.

Egypt's ____________ (seas, deserts, and mountains) isolated and protected it from invaders.

Ramses II

38.

___________ - The Warrior King - ruled more than 80 years leaving monuments, statues, and memorials in his own honor.

Kush

39.

_______ was located south of Egypt and was a source of great riches for the Egyptian empire.

monotheism

40.

Judaism was the first religion based on _________, the belief in one god.

Ten Commandments

41.

The laws of ancient Hebrews were called the ______________.

Moses

42.

The "law giver" of the ancient Hebrews was __________.

Abraham

43.

The first man to hear and answer God's call was Abraham.

Judaism

44.

The Torah, made up of the first five books of the Bible, contains the basic laws of ______ and traces the history of the Israelites through 1200 B.C.

King David

45.

__________ was believed to have written many of teh Psalms.

The Exodus

46.

__________, led by Moses, was when the Hebrews left salvery in Egypt for the promised land of Canaan.

The Temple

47.

__________ was the most important building in Jerusalem.

Babylon

48.

The Hebrews were exiled to _______ when their country was conquered by the Babylonian Empire.

Jerusalem

49.

The capital of the Hebrew lands was _______________.

Israel and Judah

50.

The two kingdoms of Ancient Hebrews were ___________ and ___________.

Asia Minor

51.

The Roman Empire conquered all the lands in _________ and ended up ruling over the Hebrews.

gentile

52.

A ________ is a person who does not follow the Jewish belief system.

Trading by sea

53.

______________ helped the Greek civilization to have contact with others and spread ideas.

monarchy

54.

A ____________ is a government headed by a king or queen.

oligarchy

55.

A system of government in which a few people rule over a larger group is called _____________.

tyrant

56.

A __________ is a ruler who seizes power by force and shares it with no one.

democracy

57.

A ____________ is government by the people.

Only males over the age of 18

58.

________________ were considered citizens in Athens.

Athenians

Spartans

59.

__________ emphasized education and culture, _____________ emphasized military and discipline.

The Olympics

60.

The _________ began in Greece in 776 B.C., and were originally held to honor the father of the Greek gods, Zeus.

Persian Wars

61.

Sparta and Athens joined together to defeat the Persians in the _________________.

direct democracy

62.

Athenian democracy was a ______________ in which each citizen participated directly in government decision making.

agora

63.

The ______ was an open air marketplace in the center of Athens where the public bartered for goods.

Pericles'

64.

During the Golden Age, ________ three contributions were democracy, protection, and beautification of the city-state of Athens.

The Peloponnesian War

65.

______________ was fought between Sparta and Athens because Athens would not give up some of the control gained after the Persian Wars.

Socrates

66.

_________, a Greek Philosopher and well-known teacher, used a questioning technique to search for the truth and the meaning of life.

Plato

67.

____________, Socrates' student, was a writer and philosopher.

Greek culture and beliefs

68.

Alexander the Great, king at age 20, spread _________________ through Persia, India and Egypt.

Western culture 

69.

_____________ is the influenced by Greek forms of literature, the arts, architecture, mathematical discoveries, science, adn democracy.

Homer

70.

______ wrote the Odyssey adn the Iliad, two epic poems about the adventures of Odysseus.

Aristotle

71.

_________ taught Alexander the Great and was the father of the scientific method.

Aesop

72.

________ Aesop was a Greek slave who taught moral lessons in the form of fables.

The Aryans 

73.

____________, semi-nomadic invaders from Europe, conquered the native people of India pushing them south.

Vedas

74.

The Aryans' beliefs in daily lives are described in the __________, collections of sacred hymns, poems, and prayers.

classes

75.

The Indian culture was divided into four social __________; priests, rajas and warriors, merchants and peasants, and servants.

castes

76.

As Indian people learned new skills, they developed subgroups called _______ into which people were born, and worked.

Siddhartha Gautama

77.

Buddha, meaning "The Enlightened One," was a prince named  _____________.

Buddhism

78.

________ is a religion in which people follow The Four Truths, and the Eightfold Path to reach enlightenment.

Middle Way

79.

Buddhist believe in moderation, not too much or not too little of anything.  This in-between path is called the _______________.

King Asoka

80.

____________ was the Mauryan king who unified India, renounced violence, and established Buddhism as the official religion.

Hinduism

81.

A major religion of India, _________, includes the concepts of reincarnation, many gods, a caste system, and the four stages in life.

the Gobi Desert and mountains

82.

China's natural borders, __________, made governance and movement difficult, and isolated China from the rest of the world.

Confucius

83.

___________, a Chinese philosopher of the Zhou Dynasty, developed a code of behavior based on old traditions, good behavior, and truth.

political chaos and war

84.

As a result of ________________ and _____ in China, Confucius taught ways to live in harmony and goodness.

Daoism

85.

_________ is a Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony and nature.

Emperor Shi Huangdi

86.

____________ of the Qin Dynasty unified all of China under one ruler, and created the Great Wall to protect it.

Qin

87.

The _____ Dynasty set one standard for language, money, and measurement throughtout China.

Han Dynasty

88.

The emperors of the _____ Dynasty ruled during a time of peace, prosperity, expansion, and great achievements.

Silk Road

89.

Trade and  cultural interchange grew between Inda, Rome, and China with the use of the ___________ trade route.

Julius Caesar

90.

__________ was a dictator in Rome, a general, and an author.

Patricians

plebians

91.

_______ were the small class of wealthy families in Rome, and _______ were members of a large class of ordinary citizens.

republic

92.

A __________ is a representative democracy in which political power lies with the citizens, who elect elader and representatives to run their government.

the Punic Wars

93.

The three wars between Carthage and Rome are called the ______________.

aqueduct

94.

An _______________ is a bridge-like structure built to carry water from a distant source.

senate

95.

The Roman _______ is made up of citizens elected by popular vote.

dictator

96.

A _________, in Rome, was an appointed ruler who took absolute power for a period of six months.

The Roman Empire

97.

The ____________ stretched from modern day Britain to modern day Iran.

Caesar Augustus

98.

_____________, the first emperor of Rome, ruled during a time of peace and prosperity know as the Pax Romana.

St. Paul

99.

____________ preached that believers not only had to obey God's laws, but that they also needed to accept that Jesus was the Messiah.

Emperor Constantine

100.

After years of persecution, Christians spread their beliefs when __________ accepted Christianity, allowed Romans the freedom to follow any religion, and strengthened the power of the church within the State.