Term
What one antiviral prevents viral genome integration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is amantadine/rimantadine used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Enfurvitide used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Whati s maraviroc used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is acyclovir/valacyclovir used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is adefovir dipivoxil used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is cidofovir used for? |
|
Definition
CMV, HSV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6 |
|
|
Term
What is entecavir used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is famciclovir/penciclovir used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is foscarnet used for? |
|
Definition
HSV, VZV, CMV (EBV, HHV-6, HBV, and HIV) |
|
|
Term
What ganciclovir/valganciclovir used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is lamivudine used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is ribavirin used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are NRTIs/NNRTIs used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is inteferon used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are protease inhibitors used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is interferon used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is oseltamivir/anamivir used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Mab with poison used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do viruses become resistant to DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
change of phosphorylation pathway change of polymerase substrate affinity change in polymerase at NNRTI binding site |
|
|
Term
What are mechanisms behind the side effects of DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
host DNA/RNA replication inhibition, mitochondrial toxicity, etc. |
|
|
Term
Name the anti-herpes agents. |
|
Definition
acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir, penciclovir, trifluridine, and vidarabine |
|
|
Term
What durg is an acyclic guanosine derivative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what form is acylcovir given to the pat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is acyclovir cleared from the body? |
|
Definition
glomerular filtratioln and tubular secretion |
|
|
Term
What are the side effects of acyclovir (as well as valacyclovir, famciclovir, etc.)? |
|
Definition
nausea, diarrhea, headache, tremors, delirum |
|
|
Term
What is the difference between valacyclovir and acyclovir? |
|
Definition
valacyclovir is an L-valyl ester of acyclovir that is converted to acyclovir when ingested |
|
|
Term
What is famciclovir/how does it work? |
|
Definition
prodrug of penciclovir (a guanosine analog); same mechanism as acyclovir except it doesn't cause chain termination |
|
|
Term
What are the anti-cytomegalovirus agents? |
|
Definition
gancylovir, valgancyclovir, cidofovir, foscarnet |
|
|
Term
How do you get resistence to ganciclovir? |
|
Definition
mutation in UL97 phosphotransferase |
|
|
Term
What are the side effects of ganciclovir/valganciclovir? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the difference between valganciclovir and ganciclovir? |
|
Definition
valg is a monovalyl ester prodrug of gancyclovir that is metabolized by intestinal and hepatic esterases when administered orally |
|
|
Term
What is cidofovir/how does it work? |
|
Definition
a cytosine analog whose phosphorylation is NOT dependent on viral enzymes (therefore resistance is due to mutation in DNA polymerase gene) |
|
|
Term
What are the side effects of cidofovir? |
|
Definition
nephrotoxicity (prevented by probenecid |
|
|
Term
What is Foscarnet/how does it work? |
|
Definition
inorganic pyrophosphate that inhibits viral DNA pol, RNA pol, and HIV RT. DOESN"T HAVE TO BE PHOSPHORYLATED |
|
|
Term
How do you form resistence to foscarnet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the side effects of foscarnet? |
|
Definition
hypo or hypercalcemia and phosphatemia, renal failure, genital ulcers |
|
|
Term
What are the different types of antiretroviral agents? |
|
Definition
NRTIs, NNRTIs, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 co-receptor inhibitors, integrase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleoside that can cause peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleoside that can be used for HBV. Can rarely cause pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleoside with HBV action; rarely causes pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleoside, hypersensitivity esp in HLA B5701 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleoside that can cause pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleoside with HBV action only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleoside with HBV action only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleotide that can rarely cause renal dysfunction; has HBV action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NRTI nucleotide that rarely causes renal dysfunction and has HBV action ONLY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NNRTI that causes hepatic dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NNRTI that causes CNS dysfunction and rarely hepatic dysfunction. Also is a teratogen |
|
|
Term
What is the mechanism of action of AZT (zidovudine)? |
|
Definition
deoxythymidine analog that enters the cell via passive diffusion and then is converted to triphosphate by mammalian thymidine kinase. Causes chain termination |
|
|
Term
What is the mechanism of resistance against zidovudine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What diseases can you usezidovudine against? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F AZT helps prevent mother to newborn transmission of HIV. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the side effects of zidovudine? |
|
Definition
GI intolerance, headaches and insomnia |
|
|
Term
NNRTIs are substrates and inhibitors of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which NNRTI do you use to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to newborn? |
|
Definition
nevirapine (not efavirenz because its teratogenic) |
|
|
Term
Which NNRTI do you use to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to newborn? |
|
Definition
nevirapine (not efavirenz because its teratogenic) |
|
|
Term
Which NNRTI do you use to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to newborn? |
|
Definition
nevirapine (not efavirenz because its teratogenic) |
|
|
Term
Indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir, fos-amprenavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, tipranavir, darunaivr are all exampels of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do protease inhibitors work? |
|
Definition
inhibits proteases that cleave precursor molecules to produce mature, infectious virions, |
|
|
Term
What are the side effects of protease inhibitors? |
|
Definition
syndrome of altered body fat distribution, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
What are contraindications for protease inhibitors? |
|
Definition
it is an inhibitor/substrate for CPY3A4; careful with other drugs |
|
|
Term
What is the name of the drug that is a CCR5 antagonist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does enfuvitide work? How is it given to the patient? |
|
Definition
efurvitide (T-20) binds to the gp41 subunit of gp 160 preventing the conformational changes required for fusion of the viral and cellular membranes; given via subq injection |
|
|
Term
What type of drug is raltegravir? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the drugs for hep B? |
|
Definition
polymerase inhibition (lamivudine or emtricabine, entecavir, telbuvidine, tenofovir or adefovir) pegylated interferon alpha |
|
|
Term
What is the treatment for hep C? |
|
Definition
pegylated interferon alpha + ribavirin +/- protease inhibitors (boceprevir, telaprevir) |
|
|
Term
What is the mechanism of interferon alpha to treat viral infection? |
|
Definition
induce host cell enyzmes that inhibit viral RNA translation and cause degradation of viral mRNA and tRNA bind to membrane receptors on cell surface May also inhibit viral penetration, uncoating, mRNA synthesis and translation and virion assembly release |
|
|
Term
Why is interferon alpha pegylated? |
|
Definition
a linear or branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) is attached covalently to increase half-life and steady drug concentrations. Allows less frequent dosing |
|
|
Term
What is ribavirin/how does it work? |
|
Definition
a guanosine analog that is phosphorylated intracellularly by host enzymes. Inhibits capping of viral messenger RNA, viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase, and replication of DNA and RNA viruses |
|
|
Term
What are the oral NS3 protease inhibitors? |
|
Definition
boceprevir and telaprevir |
|
|
Term
How do NS3 protease inhibitors work? |
|
Definition
inhibit a nonstructural hep C protein responsible for proteolytic processing of other non-structural proteins |
|
|
Term
NS3 protease inhibitors are generally used in combination with... |
|
Definition
interferon alpha and ribavirin |
|
|
Term
List the anti-influenza agents. |
|
Definition
amantidine, rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir |
|
|
Term
How do amantadine and rimantidine work? |
|
Definition
they are cyclic amines that inhibit the uncoating of viral RNA. |
|
|
Term
How do viruses get resistant to amantadine/rimantadine? |
|
Definition
mutations in the RNA sequence coding for the structural M2 protein |
|
|
Term
How do zanamivir and oseltamivir work? |
|
Definition
inhibit the enzyme neuraminidase by inhibiting the replication of influenza A and B (most avian strains too) |
|
|