Term
| Organism are made up of what percentage of what? |
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Definition
| 96% Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. (C.H.O.N.) |
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Term
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Definition
| They are substances that cannot be broken down anymore, chemically. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are substances that are in minimal amounts in an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of an element. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two different atoms combined in a fixed ratio. |
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Term
| What is a chemical reaction? |
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Definition
| The process of the two atoms combining. |
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Term
| What is an ionic bond? Explain. |
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Definition
| when one or more electrons move from one atom to another. One atom loses an electron and becomes positive, while the other gains an electron and becomes negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| The charged form of the atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| When electrons are shared between atoms. |
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Term
| What is a non-polar covalent bond? |
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Definition
| When the electrons are shared equally. |
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Term
| What is a polar covalent bond? |
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Definition
| When the electrons are shared unequally. |
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Term
| What is a single covalent bond? What is a double covalent bond? What is a triple covalent bond? |
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Definition
| one pair of electrons is shared. Two pairs of electrons are shared. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of atoms bonded together. |
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Term
| What is a polar molecule? |
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Definition
| Molecules that have partially positive and partially negative charges. |
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Term
| What is a Hydrogen Bond? What bond does it contain within itself? |
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Definition
| When a Hydrogen atoms is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom and is attracted to another electronegative atom. |
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Term
| What is a Cohesive force? |
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Definition
| A substance pulling other substances along with it. (Duct tape being pulled off a hairy arm.) (explains how water travels through stems.) |
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Term
| What is an Adhesive force? |
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Definition
| It is sticking to other substances, making it hard to separate. |
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Term
| Explain Capillary action. |
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Definition
| The force exerted through cohesive and adhesive movement in tiny vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is how much heat a substance can hold before changing its temperature. |
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Term
| What are four properties of water? |
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Definition
| Polar and dissolves other polar substances, Cohesive and Adhesive, High heat capacity and high surface tension. |
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Term
| What are the properties of an acidic solution? |
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Definition
| It is low on the pH scale, and it has an abundant amount of Hydrogen (H+) ions. |
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Term
| What are the properties of a basic solution? |
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Definition
| It is high on the pH scale, and it has more hydroxide (OH-) ions. |
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Term
| What is an alkaline? What kind of ions does it contain? |
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Definition
| It is another term for a basic solution. It has Hydroxide ions. |
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Term
| What is the pH scale? What causes it to go up or down, and by how much? |
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Definition
| It is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. An increase in (H+) causes a decrease on the scale by tenfold. |
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Term
| What is an Organic Molecule made of? What are the four classes of it? |
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Definition
| It is made of Carbon atoms. The four classes are Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids. (PLNC) |
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Term
| What is an Inorganic Molecule made of? What is the exception? |
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Definition
| They do not contain carbon atoms. Except Carbon Dioxide. |
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Term
| What do Carbohydrates contain? What two forms store it?What is the ratio? |
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Definition
| They contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Starch and Glycogen store carbohydrates.The ratio is 1:2:1. |
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Term
| What is a monosaccharide? What is it used for? What are the two most common? |
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Definition
| It is a carbohydrate made of one type of sugar molecule and serves as an energy source for cells. Glucose and Fructose are the most common. |
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Term
| What is Glucose? What kind of sugar is it? What is it's chemical formula? Give three facts about it. What two types does it come in? |
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Definition
| It is a monosaccharide. It is a six-carbon sugar. Formula C6H12O6. It is abundant, plants produce it, and cells break it down to release stored energy. It comes in a-glucose and B-glucose. |
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Term
| What is Fructose? What kind of sugar is it? What is it's chemical formula and where is it most common? |
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Definition
| It is a monosaccharide. It is a six-carbon sugar. It is a common sugar in fruits. Chemical formula C6H12O6. |
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Term
| What are disaccharides? What happens when two monosaccharides combine? |
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Definition
| A carbohydrate made of two types of sugar molecules. When they combine it creates water. |
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Term
| What is a Glycosidic bond? |
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Definition
| When two glucose molecules link together. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a monosaccharide produced by the breakdown of starch by enzymes found in saliva. |
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Term
| What is Dehydration synthesis or condensation? |
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Definition
| The process of two molecules combining, causing H2O to leave. |
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Term
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Definition
| Putting water back into a Maltose molecule. |
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Term
| What is a polysaccharide made up of? |
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Definition
| It is made up of many repeated units of monosaccharides. |
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Term
| What are the three most common polysaccharides? What is the one uncommon? |
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Definition
| Cellulose, glycogen, and starch. The uncommon is Chitin. (C.C.G.S.) |
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Term
| What are the most common polysaccharides and one uncommon polysaccharide considered or used for? |
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Definition
| They are considered storage forms of sugar or structural components of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a molecule with repeating subunits of the same general type. Sort of like an isotope. |
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Term
| What is Cellulose? What is it made up of? What is it used for? |
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Definition
| It is a polysaccharide. It is made up of B-glucose and is a major part of the cell wall in plants for structural support. |
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Term
| What is Chitin? What is it used for? |
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Definition
| It is a polymer of B-glucose molecules. It is the structural molecule in the walls of fungus and in the exoskeletons of arthropods. |
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Term
| What is Glycogen? What is it used for? |
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Definition
| It is a polysaccharide. It is stored carbohydrates in animals. |
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Term
| What is Starch? What is it used for? |
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Definition
| It is a polysaccharide. Used to store carbohydrates in plants |
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Term
| Why can't humans digest cellulose? |
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Definition
| Because humans can breakdown a-glucose but not B-glucose. |
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Term
| What are Amino Acids? What is it made up of? How many Amino Acids are there? How many parts do they have and what are they? What differs between them? |
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Definition
| They are the building blocks of proteins. They contain (C.H.O.N.) They contain four parts. They are an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a Hydrogen, and an R group. The R group differs. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is another term for an R group. |
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Term
| What are functional groups? |
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Definition
| They are the distinctive groups of atoms that help determine the chemical behavior of the compound of which they are a part. |
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Term
| Name 11 functional groups. |
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Definition
Phenyl, Amino, Thiol, Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Aldehyde, Keto, Ethyl Methyl, Alkyl, Propyl.
P.A.T.C.H.A.K.E.M.A.P. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is multiple amino acids that are combined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two amino acids that are combined. |
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Term
| What is a peptide bond? What is created when this bond is formed? |
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Definition
| It is the bond between two amino acids that are combined. For every two amino acids combined, one water molecule is created. |
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Term
| How is a Protein created? |
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Definition
| It is created when a polypeptide folds on itself, becoming a three-dimensional structure. |
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Term
| What is a Lipid made up of? What are the common types? |
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Definition
| It consist of (C.H.O.N.). The common types are Steroids, Phospholipids, Oils, and Fats. (S.P.O.F.) |
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Term
| What are the functions of Lipids? |
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Definition
| They function as structural components of cell membranes, sources of insulation, and energy storage. |
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Term
| What does a neutral fat consist of? |
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Definition
| It consist of three fatty acids and a glycerol. |
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Term
| What is a triglyceride? What does it not contain? |
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Definition
| It is a big word for fat. It does not contain a hydroxyl functional group. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the bond between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid. |
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Term
| What is a saturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
| It is a fatty acid that has a single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms. |
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Term
| What is an unsaturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
| It is a fatty acid that has adjacent carbons joined by double bonds instead of single bonds. |
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Term
| What is a polysaturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
| It is a fatty acid that has many double bonds within the fatty acid. |
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Term
| What is a phospholipid? Describe what is inside. |
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Definition
| It is an organic molecule that has two fatty acids that are hydrophobic and one phosphate that is hydrophilic. This makes it amphiphatic. |
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Term
| What is a steroid composed of? Name two types. |
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Definition
| It is composed of four linked carbon rings. Two types would be cholesterol and Vitamin D. |
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Term
| What do Nucleic Acids contain? What is inside of Nucleic Acids? |
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Definition
| They contain (C.H.O.N.). They have nucleotides inside of them. |
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Term
| What is a Deoxyribonucleic acid? |
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Definition
| It is DNA, the blueprint of all life. |
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Term
| What is Ribonucleic acid? |
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Definition
| It is RNA, essential for protein synthesis. |
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Term
| Who are Oparin and Haldane? |
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Definition
| They are two scientist who proposed that that the earth was first just a gas. |
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Term
| Who are Stanley Miller and Harold Urey? |
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Definition
| They are the scientist who simulated the gaseous earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are living organisms that require organic molecules for food. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are living organisms that can make their own food. |
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Term
| What is the Heterotroph Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| It is the belief that the earliest forms of life were heterotrophs. |
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