High Middle Ages

The period from about 1000 _C.E. to 1300 _C.E., when the major features of a new world were taking shape; powerful forces were reshaping the West, creating a European world that would look quite different from the relatively disorganized, lawless world of feudal Europe’s Dark Ages 

Cistercians

A reformed offshoot of the Benedictines; it developed new agricultural techniques – ways of draining swamps and the use of crop rotation 

1098 _C.E.

The Cistercians were founded

Guilds 

The forerunners of the trade unions we have today

1073 _C.E. 

Gregory VII was elected to the papacy 

Gregory VII

As pope, he wanted to free the Church from secular control

Hildebrand

Another name for Gregory VII 

Lay Investiture

The practice by which a high-ranking lay person such as an emperor, a king, a count, or a lord could appoint bishops or abbots, “investing” them with power and requiring their loyalty

Henry IV

The German emperor who objected to Hildebrand’s ruling against lay investiture 

1122 _C.E.

The Concordat of Worms 

Concordat of Worms 

The emperor agreed that rulers would no longer have the right to appoint bishops; all bishops would be elected and consecrated by church authority

Innocent III 

The most powerful of the medieval popes (those of the Middle Ages) 

1198 _C.E.

Innocent III took office

College of Cardinals

To protect the papacy from corrupt influence and thereby allow reform to continue, this group of bishops from the area around Rome, would meet to elect the pope by a two-thirds vote

Celibacy

Not marrying    

Cathedrals

An important development in the Church’s life    

Romanesque

This type of cathedral employed massive pillars with rounded arches to hold up stone roofs, replacing the flammable wood-beamed ceilings commonly found in earlier churches     

Gothic 

This type of cathedral (with their tall, slim towers, pointed arches, and tall stained-glass windows) appeared airy, light, and even delicate 

Flying Buttresses 

A major architectural innovation that enabled the Gothic cathedrals to reach new heights 

Choir 

A chancel; it was reserved for the priests and monks who, several times each day, sang and recited the Divine Office

Divine Office

The series of psalms and prayers organized for use during each liturgical season 

Nave

The main room of a cathedral; it was used for the common people’s Mass

University

A group of students and teachers became with an organizational structure modeled on the guilds of craftsmen: teachers had to have earned a license, such as a master architect had, and students were given degrees that recognized the steps they had reached in their studies    

1054 _C.E.

A serious break occurred between the Eastern and Western Churches       

Cerularius, Michael

The patriarch of Constantinople, who publicly declared that because of their differences, the Eastern and Western Churches could not be in union       

Urban II 

He called for a Crusade that would free Byzantine territory from the Turks and then take Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Saracen Muslims 

Crusades 

A series of “holy” wars     

Indulgences 

Knights who returned from the First Crusade were granted this practice by the Church; their sins were forgiven, and the punishment expected for them in the afterlife was taken away

1232 _C.E. 

The Papal Inquisition began

Gregory IX 

The pope who instigated the Papal Inquisition

Papal Inquisition

The purposes of this endeavor were, first of all, to find out who the heretics were and secondly, to persuade them to give up their heresy   

Mendicant Orders 

The Order of Preachers and the Order of Friars Minor are collectively known by this term

Order of Preachers

The Dominicans

Order of Friars Minor 

The Franciscans

Mendicant

It means “beggar” 

Dominicans

The Order of Preachers

He gathered together a group of men who were willing to dedicate themselves to preaching; soon his followers spread throughout Europe teaching and preaching   

Franciscans 

The Order of Friars Minor

Francis of Assisi

One of the most popular of all Saints; the founder of the Franciscans

Clare

A rich young woman of Assisi, asked to join the Franciscans

Bonaventure 

An intellectual light that stands out among the Franciscans

An intellectual light that stands out among the Dominicans; the greatest scholar to emerge out of The Middle Ages

Summa Theologiae

Thomas Aquinas’ four-volume work