Term
| what are the different kinds of nutrients? (3) |
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Definition
macronutrients (need in large amounts)
micronutrients (need in small amounts)
essential nutrients (vitamins - organic, minerals - inorganic) |
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Term
| what are the nonmineral macronutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do the nonmineral macronutrients for plants come from? what is significant about it being these elements? |
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Definition
C & O from CO2
O & H from H2O
C6H12O6 |
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Term
| what are the 3 mineral macronutrients and what are they need for? |
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Definition
Nitrogen - dNa, Proteins
Phosphate - atP, cell membrane
K (potassium) - tonicity (hyper, hypo, iso) |
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Term
| what do the ions in K help with? |
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Definition
aide in enzymatic relationships
ions required for proper functioning |
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Term
| where do plants get mineral macronutrients? what is problematic? |
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Definition
the soil
they exist in very small amounts in the soil |
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Term
| what happens when there is a mineral macronutrient deficiency? |
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Definition
| causes problems in plant such as color change or leaf shriveling |
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Term
| what helps to cure mineral macronutrient deficiencies? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the order listed on fertilizers? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an example of a plant that has been genetically engineered to show deficiency? |
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Definition
| leaf glows blue if P deficient |
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Term
| what kind of root systems are best for what environment? |
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Definition
Taproot (dicot) for rainforest - holds in ground well
Fibrous (monocot) for desert - collects rain quickly |
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Term
| what is the purpose of root hairs? |
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Definition
| creates more surface area to absorb nutrients and water |
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Term
| what kind of seed did we use while looking for root hairs? how many seed leafs did it have & what does this mean? |
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Definition
| radish seeds, 2 seed leaves, dicot |
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Term
| what is the difference between the epidermis and the endodermis in a plant root? |
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Definition
| epidermis is very outside, endodermis surrounds the vascular column (xylem and phloem) |
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Term
| what encases the endodermis? |
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Definition
| a band called the Casparian strip |
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Term
| what is the casparian strip made of and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
a protein that stains darkly called Suberin
it forces nutrients/water to go through endodermic cells |
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Term
| why does the casparian strip force the nutrients/water through the endodermal cells? |
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Definition
| endodermal cells act as regulators, the cell membrane not allowing any molecules through that aren't small, neutral, or lipidlike |
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Term
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Definition
| the "stuff" cells of the root |
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Term
| what are the 2 ways water/nutrients can move through the parenchyma? which is faster? |
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Definition
either around or through
when moving through - cells near center are hypertonic to cells on outside, so water moves inside to more hypertonic area
through cells is faster |
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Term
| what elements does soil attract and why? |
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Definition
| K, Ca, Mg and Cu b/c soil is negatively charged and cations are positively charged |
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Term
| what is the cation exchange? |
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Definition
| root floods soil with H+ ions that makes the soil give up the positive K, Ca, Mg, and Cu |
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Term
| which mineral macronutrients are anions and what does that mean? |
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Definition
| N & P are negative anions, they repel each other |
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Term
| what process do plants use to take up P and N (anions) if there is no other method? why is this not a perfect plan? what other option is there? |
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Definition
use active transport - this requires ATP, which is "wasting" phosphate
mycorrhizae |
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Term
| what is the purpose of mycorrhizae? |
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Definition
| the hyphae are particularly good at attracting P |
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Term
| what is the difference between ecto and endo mycorrhizae? |
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Definition
| ecto wraps around root like a sheet, endo goes inside and wraps around individual cells |
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Term
| why are gymnosperms and angiosperms able to colonize land? |
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Definition
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Term
| why can't plants obtain N from the air? How much of the air is N? |
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Definition
| it's not a usable form? 78% |
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Term
| what is the formula for nitrogen fixing? what fixes it? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the genus of the soil bacteria that fixes N? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nodules on their roots that houses mutualistic prokaryotes |
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Term
| why do the nodules of legumes get so big? |
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Definition
| the prokaryote infects them and they enlarge |
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Term
| how is the nodules on the legumes mutualistic? |
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Definition
| bacteria gets food and plant gets usable N |
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Term
| how do non-Legumes get fixed N? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do carnivorous plants live? |
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Definition
| very wet/acidic soil, not conductive for N2 fixing bacteria |
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Term
| how do carnivorous plants get N2? |
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Definition
| by dissolving insect bodies w/enzymes |
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Term
| how do venus flytraps work? |
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Definition
| trigger hairs cause trap to close when touched and do not open, enzymes break them down |
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Term
| how do pitcher plants work? |
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Definition
| insects attracted to sweet nectar, fall in and drown. If they try to get out, the downward course hairs force insects to fall off when they try to crawl back out |
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Term
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Definition
| looks like a flat venus flytrap. animals go after sweet nectar on pad, get stuck in sticky nectar and get dissolved from the legs up |
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