Term
| Tuberculosis Global Incidence |
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Definition
kills about 1.7 million people per year about 1/3 of the world is infected w/ TB People w/ HIV are at much higher risk
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Term
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Definition
| TB that fails to respond to standard first line drubs |
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Term
| Extensively drug resistant TB |
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Definition
| occurs when there is resistance to first AND second line drugs |
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Term
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Definition
highest in Nunavut Lowest on the East coast |
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Term
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Definition
aerobic, non-motile bacilli Are Acid fast include: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae |
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Term
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Definition
Mycobacterium Other Than Tuberculosis -resp. for opportunistic infections, esp. w/ AIDS patients |
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Term
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Definition
Used to determine the presence of TB dye w/ red stain carbolfushin put HCl and alchohol over *If red remains, then it is acid fast b/c mycobacterium cell walls to not dissolve w/ acid alcohol. |
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Term
| What makes mycobacterium acid fast? |
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Definition
due to thick layer of mycolate (mycolic acid) on the outside mycolic acid is an important virulence factor |
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Term
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Definition
| When grown on agar, colonies of virulent strains attache to each other by rope like cords |
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Term
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Definition
myscosides w/ sulphates attached inhibit phagasomes (which protects M. tuberculosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| complicated mycoside that activates the cellular immune system |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs via the inhalation of droplet nuclei (released by coughing/sneezing) -infected patients can have as many as 105 - 107 bacilli/mL |
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Term
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Definition
macrophages - kill mycobacterium -However, can provide niche for th bacteria to multiply w/i denditic cells - engulfs bacteria
T-cells - release cytokines w/ enhance macrophages
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Term
| Primary progressive disease |
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Definition
aka. Primary Tuberculosis If t-cell response in insufficient in controlling TB, clinical symptoms will develop w/i a year. Usually occurs amoung young children and immuno-comprimised persons. |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs in most individuals -T-cell response is mounted, and no clinical symptoms occur However, there is the risk of secondary TB because the bacteria can persist w/i granulomas
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Term
| Vaccine to help establish T-cell numbers |
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Definition
| live Bacille Calmette - Guerin |
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Term
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Definition
Dormant bacilli become reactivated after years
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Term
| Stage I of pulmonary tubercuosis |
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Definition
-inhalation of bacilli, which are ingested by macrophages -90% of bacilli are destroyed by macrophages, however, remaining 10% evade the host's defense by hiding in the macrophages
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Term
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Definition
-Bacilli w/i macrophages multiply and are released upon macrophage death -bacilli attract monocytes and macrophages and forms and tubercle -bacilli multiply within the cytoplasm of unactivated macrophages -both bacilli and macrophages are increasing, and neither is being destroyed during this phase=symbiosis
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Term
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Definition
-2-3 weeks after infection get delayed hypersensitivity and cellular immunity -delayed hypersensitivity halts the logarithmic growth by killing bacilli-laden macrophages -results in caseous necrotic center of dead and live bacilli in the tubercle -bacteria w/i necrotic center cannot multiply
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Term
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Definition
two options: Weak cell mediated immunity -caseous center enlarges, lung tissue destroyed, bacteria is released and ingested by unactivated macrophages. Strong cell mediated immunity -bacilli released from caseous center, ingested by activated macrophages with little tissue destruction. Occurs in 90% of cases. |
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Term
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Definition
-liquefaction of the solid caseous focus -bacilli multiply extracellularly, extensive tissue damage -Spread of bacilli via the bronchial tree to other parts of the lungs often leads to tuberculous pneumonia. |
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Term
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Definition
Purified Protein Derivative Test -PPD injected intradermally -macrophages in skin take it up -induration of >10mm after 2 days suggests TB expo. -induration of >5mm in AIDS patients suggests TB exposure.
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Term
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Definition
-weight loss -low grade fever -productive cough -night sweats -calcified tubercles in middle-lower lung region
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Term
| Extra pulmonary tuberculosis |
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Definition
-affect lymph nodes, pleua, gentiourinary tract, etc -pretty much any organ system can be affected
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Term
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Definition
-droplet nuclei are 5 micrometers (and contain 5 bacilli) -Patients w/ TB have a 5% risk of reactivation w/i first 2 years, and 5% risk life long -HIV patients have a 5+5% change of reactivation each year.
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Term
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Definition
-usually infects birds -found in over 50% of AIDS patients -Infects when helper T-cell levels are virtually nil
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Term
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Definition
-PPD test -Chest xray (for calcified tuburcles) -acid fast test on sputum -Culture |
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Term
| First line of Anti-TB drugs |
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Definition
Insert clever mnemonic here.....
Isoniazid Rifampin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin
I Read Poetry Every Sunday |
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Term
| Important principles of TB treatment |
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Definition
-administer multiple drugs at a time -in cases of failure, add at least 2 new drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| 6-9 months with drug combo |
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