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who- ottoman empire, russia, great britain, france
what- the russians wanted the slavic part of the ottoman empire, but the ottomans didn't want them to have it and the slavs wanted individual independence. britain didn't want to disrupt their trade and they didn't want russia to become more powerful and become a threat, so they allied with the ottoman empire; and soon after did the french. the russians were defeated.
when- 1853- 1856
where- the ottoman empire
sig.- the russians experienced their worst defeat of the 19th century and it was an example of the power of alliances that were beginning to form for common causes. |
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who- a political leader
what- fought for the unification of germany; he wanted to unify the 22 states and make a powerful country. he recognized the danger of being surrounded by such dominant countries that could conquer a german state at any moment. he was influential in the process of unification as shown when he made his Speech to Reichstag.
when- 19th century
where- germany
sig.- he exemplified the willingness of someone to fight for what he or she believes in and it was worth it because germany unified in 1871, thanks to bismark |
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who- an italian nationalist
what- fought for italian unification, politically persuasive, he fought for a republic democracy throughout a unified italian nation. he was the first to create nationalist group in italy
when- 19th century
where- italy
sig.- with the help of count cavour and giuseppe garibaldi, italy finally unified in 1848. he led the country through the process of unification, and he was an example of a devout nationalist that was willing to put his life into something he believed was for the better |
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who- louis pasteur
what- the belief that germs and bacteria were the cause of disease. scientists took germ theory as inspiration to create cures and vaccines; robert koch isolated the bacteria that causes tb. the rate of deaths from disease dropped 60%
where- europe
when- 19th century
sig.- it opened up a whole new field of medicine and interest for medicine and thereby saving many lives from disease. unfortunately the theory also spread anxiety in the belief that there are more than billions and trillions of invisible bacteria surrounding people at all times. |
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who- the british and boers (dutch settlers in south africa)
what- british had come to south africa and found diamonds and gold and were interested in the raw goods. the british started taking the goods back to britain, but boers were heavily taxing them, which the british didn't like. the british engaged in war against the boers. the war was extremely bloody and many soldiers on both sides were killed. the british won the boer war.
when- 19th century
where- south africa
sig.- it was a very bloody war that was damaging on both sides and the war strong blow to britain's self-confidence as a country. |
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who- europe
what- the idea that a dominant people have the duty to control subservient people. social darwinism was a main contributor to the imperial movement, the survival of the fittest. as well as new technology, political, economical, and power greed. european countries, feeling superior due to race, had the need to stay ahead of all other countries; providing competition to be the most powerful. countries also imperialized countries in order to utilize the raw goods and water ways.
when- began to spread in the 19th century
where- europe
sig.- it reflected social darwinism and the survival of the fittest country. social darwinism was driving force throughout the whole imperialism process and the 19th century. |
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who- english philosopher and political thinker
what- wrote the theory known as the "blank slate" theory that stated: when a child is born they know nothing and that a person only learns through experience and environment. he also had many political theories as well.
when- 1632- 1704
where- england
sig.- a philosopher that challenged the norm of thinking and anything that anyone knew about their existence. he challenged the church, saying people are born without an innate soul; he also inspired many enlightenment thinkers and became known as the "father" of enlightenment. |
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who- an english philosopher
what- he was political and thought outside what everyone else thought. instead of mercantilism, he created a new idea called capitalism (now used today). like locke, he inspired many other philosophers
when- 1700s
where- england
sig.- he devised new ways to solve problems, which was one of the main themes of the enlightenment. as well as creating an alternate method to the greatly used system of mercantilism. |
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who- the third estate
what- when the third estate had been locked out of their usual meeting place, they suspected a conspiracy by the king to end their demand for reform. the third estate held their meeting at nearby indoor tennis courts and vowed not to break up until they had created a new constitution.
when- 1789
where- france
sig.- example of an outburst towards the king and after the meeting more people joined the third estate in opposition to the king; causing a political crisis. this crisis plus the ongoing starvation led to a complete political breakdown. |
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who- napoleon and his french soldiers
what- wanting to keep himself popular in france with a non-risky expedition against the british to try and disrupt their trading routes to india. while napoleon was exploring and fighting their enemies, the mamelukes, the british destroyed napoleon's whole fleet of ships; leaving him and his soldiers stranded in egypt. napoleon decided to try and uncover the mysteries of egypt and the pyramids. he wrote the "description of egypt" and discovered the rosetta stone. eventually napoleon abandoned his soldiers and returned to france because he believed it was the right time to rise to power.
when- 1798
where- egypt
sig.- it allowed napoleon to continue to be known throughout france, and although the campaign was a complete failure, napoleon made the french believe he was a hero. |
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who- napoleon and his soldiers against the austrians
what- a campaign against the austrian empire within italy. it showed off his military tactics, leadership, and won the respect of his soldiers. he pushed the austrians not only out of italy but almost all the way to the capital of vienna; showing his newly expanding ego. napoleon became very popular with the italians as well as the french.
when- 1796
where- italy and austria
sig.- napoleon got to show off his military success, making him well-liked by everyone, but the austrians. he showed off his determination, especially at the battle of lodi where he really destroyed the austrians. the campaign was an enormous step on napoleon's rise to power. |
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who- james watt
what- steam engine made use of steam to power the engine adn the steam was produced by coal. the steam engine was reliable compared to water or wind, and it allowed factories to be built anywhere, not relying on a water source, etc. the steam engine was bad for the environment (exhaust) and it required the english to dig up the earth to find coal and iron. the steam engine made production quicker and more efficient.
when- 1763
where- england
sig.- a revolutionizing new technology that further helped europe to be industrialized although it did make cities more polluted and living and working conditions in cities terrible. |
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| adam smith/ division of labor |
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Definition
who- an economist
what- wrote about education, but more importantly the division of labor. the division of labor was a method for large production. the method was effective because it was designed to have one group of people assigned to one stage of the production. this was similar to an assembly line. the division of labor increased production exponentially and made it possible to manufacture goods faster.
when- 1723- 1790
where- england
sig.- it made the price of goods to fall because their production time was shorter. it made industrialization a lot easier and factories became more effectient. |
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| spread of industrialization (3) |
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Definition
| the spread of industrialization started in england, which was the first country to be industrialized. it then spread to belgium and france, then to germany, switzerland, austria. russia was one of the last countries to be industrialized. the spread of industrialization went from west to east. some things helping it to spread were government, banking, and railroads. governments had protective tariffs, which made it more expensive to buy goods from a different country and cheaper to buy them from your own country. banks became more important as people got richer and railroads pushed industrialization. the spread of industrialization was important to benefit country's economies at the time. |
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who- hobbes was an english philosopher
what- he found a solution to the crisis in europe of the collapse of political order. he published Leviathan, which was a study on political order. the solution in the writing was a country's people must submit themselves to serve under one main ruler. this solution was known as absolutism.
when- published in 1651
where- england
sig.- hobbes and his book introduced a new form of government that in many ways allowed many countries to become main dominating countries in europe with a great economical system. |
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| english 17th century history |
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Definition
1. james I was named king. he ruled from 1603- 1625, and he was the first to notice a problem in the english government. the problem was that england wasn't completely absolutist. the thing standing in the way was the parliament.
2. james I's successor charles I was ready to gain complete control over the parliament and become completely absolutist. charles I went into civil war with parliament from 1642- 1649, and lost the battle because he was beheaded.
3. after the civil war there was a period known as the commonwealth. under the reign of cromwell, who was actually like a dictator. he was known for the reign of terror throughout england and left england in a terrible condition; it lasted from 1649- 1660.
4. after the commonwealth was the restoration, which was the time in which england began to recover from the devastation of the commonwealth, and it lasted from 1660- 1688.
5. from 1668- 1669, the glorious revolution took place, which was a war based on who would claim the throne of england and it ended with william and mary taking the throne. |
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who- a cardinal also known as the king's chief minister under the reign of louis XIV
what- known for lowering the power of the nobility, lessening the power of the local administration and 8 regional parliaments, and strengthening the system of intendants. the cardinal was also famous for modifying the edict of nantes.
when- 17th century
where- france
sig.- he strengthened the absolute monarchy in france and allowed louis XIV to have more power. he was one of the main reasons that france became one of the most powerful countries in europe. |
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who- a philosopher and scientist
what- discovered that it was the same force that held an object to the earth that held the planets in orbit. this discovery was called the law of gravitation. he was also known for discovering laws and studying motion
when- 1642- 1727
where- england
sig.- discovered scientific principles and universal laws that revolutionized science; because of his ideas other scientists were able to create new theories and make discoveries all based on his ideas. |
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who- writer, friend of erasmus
what- wrote books, famous for establishing the new genre of utopia fantasy in which he fantasized about an imaginary world that was filled with monotheists.
when- 16th century
where- england
sig.- he not only invented the genre of utopia fantasy, but this gave writing a whole new view point. he was also not a pacifist and therefore persecuted protestants. |
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who- martin luther, princes, bishops, charles VI (emperor)
what- a hearing that was called for by luther's friend, fredrick the wise, and it gave luther a chance to present his case and ideas about the catholic faith to a board. the result ended in an ununanamous vote
when- 1521
where- worms, holy roman empire
sig.- the undecided vote gained a lot of followers for luther because that had to mean that some authority believed in luther, it also was the cause of luther having to disappear from the world for awhile. |
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who- martin luther
what- a list of discussion ideas about the unfair and unholy selling any buying of indulgences. they were posted on the door of the church in wittenburg
when- october 31, 1517
where- wittenburg, germany
sig.- the theses jump started the reformation and after it was printed all over europe it gained a lot of support for luther and against the catholic church |
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who- calvinists in france, led by the challion family
what- were a religious group of calvinists that were a part of the religious war in france. they were peasant workers but they were very serious about their religion.
when- mid 16th century
where- france
sig.- they were a major part of why the religious wars occurred. them and the catholics were very fierce in battle and they split the french and made the religious wars even more brutal. |
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who- elizabeth I
what- a renaissance that took a lot of ideas from that of the italian renaissance. there were many new things for entertainment such as plays and performances as well as artists and writers, such as william shakespeare that would challenge english thinking completely. queen elizabeth I was genius by starting a renaissance instead of immersing the country in religious wars
when- during the reign of queen elizabeth I, 1558- 1603
where- england
sig.- the renaissance revolutionized the way that thinking, writing, and ideas were formed. a lot of famous writers and works of art and novels were created. one of the main reasons of importance was because england wasn't destroyed by religious wars, it later allowed england to secure their position as a dominating country in europe. |
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who- poland-lithuania king
what- cracked under the pressure of being king and running the court. so instead of doing his job as a king, he created his own dream fantasy world.
when- mainly in the 16th century
where- poland-lithuania
sig.- since rudolf II was in his own world, he failed to attend his court and his job of running the country, so therefore the country deeply suffered and fell apart, especially with the help of religious disputes. |
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who- dutchman, and christian humanist
what- an ardent advocate of education, he wrote many publications on morality within people and children. he wrote the Praise of Folly as a satire, in which he criticized theologians and made fun of monks. he stayed within the catholicism religion despite this satire.
when- 1469- 1536 (Praise of Folly published in 1514)
where- netherlands
sig.- he guided people to their morality, and he allowed sadness towards the church to surface in people, because of his criticism. he was a popular writer and is a good example of someone willing to speak their mind against one of the most powerful institutions, the catholic church. |
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who- germany, france, russia, belgium, and austria
what- germans plan to prepare for a possible two-front war, the austrians would hold off the slow moving russian troops and then some german forces would go to the northern border of france to keep the french occupied and then the bulk of the soldiers through belgium and swing in to take paris and then quickly hop on trains to aid the austrian troops against russia. the plan could have worked, but the austrian archduke was assassinated and the attack of belgium provoked britain. so now germany was fighting britain and couldn't get to paris and the schlieffen plan never successfully worked.
when- august of 1914
where- france/ belgium, russia
sig.- it was a very good attempt by the germans and austrians and would have been extremely threatening to other countries, but instead caused mass chaos and made britain join the war, and austria engaged in war with serbia. |
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who- a socialist faction in the petrograd soviet, that became a powerful revolutionary force led by vladimir lenin.
what- a group of socialists that under lenin took the opportunity after the march revolution and overtook the provisional government's palace. the bolshevik revolution started and didn't keep the promise of peace and land because the civil war caused famine and farms were turned into battlefields. the bolsheviks were victorious and therefore russia became the soviet union, a communist state.
when- the capture of the winter palace was in 1917, 1918- 1921 was the civil war
where- russia/ soviet union
sig.- it showed the power of the people and their stand against their opposed how they were successful. the bolshevik civil war was also the reason that russia became communist and also known as the soviet union. |
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who- england and france
what- a war between britain and france/ indian allies, was taking place in north america. it was the first time that germ warfare occurred when the british purposefully gave indians blankets with the small-pox disease. it was a brutal battle that ended with the treaty of paris and the british winning.
when- 1756- 1763
where- north america
sig.- it showed british superiority and the treaty of paris required that all french land east of the mississippi including french province of quebec now belonged to the british. now britain owned one of the bigger portions of the world's commerce. |
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who- europe
what- the theory that the wealth of a state depended on its ability to import fewer commodities than it exported and thus acquire the largest possible share of the world's monetary supply. the theory encouraged state intervention in the economy and the regulation of trade
when- started in the 17th century
where- europe and its trading ports
sig.- it summed up how a country could become more wealthy, and mercantilism also increased trading. mercantilism was the cause of mercantile warfare which was fighting based on trade. |
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who- the mistress of voltaire, noblewoman
what- she gave him scientific knowledge and as a scientist and mathematician translated newton's works into french. she lived with voltaire and was very sexually free, she died while giving birth to neither voltaire's or her husband's child
when- 1706- 1749
where- france
sig.- she supplied voltaire with necessary information that made him more educated than he previously was. she was also the reason that voltaire argued for equality of men and women. |
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who- european powers, leader: prince clemens von metternich
what- a conference that was gathered in order to redraw the boundaries of countries within europe. the biggest changes were that french boundaries were set back, the netherlands came into existence, the austrians got territory in italy, and the formation of the new german confederation
when- around 1815
where- vienna, austria
sig.- the congress of vienna redrew the entire continent of europe and created new countries, this was big because all the countries were given geography. |
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