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03b. Addressing and Routing
CompTIA Network+ Addressing and Routing
136
Computer Networking
Professional
03/12/2012
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Term
To communicate on a network using TCP/IP, each system must be assigned a unique ___.
 Definition
address
Term
The network address defines both the ___ and the ___.
 Definition
network
node
Term
True or False?
Each device on a logical network segment must have the same network address as all the other devices on the segment.
 Definition
True
Term
True or False?
All the devices on a particular network segment must have the same node address.
 Definition
False

All the devices on a particular network segment must have DIFFERENT node addresses.
Term
In IP addressing a set of numbers called a ___ ___ defines which portion of the IP address refers to the network address and which refers to the node address.
 Definition
subnet mask
Term
An IPv4 address is composed of ___ sets of 8 binary bits (octets). The result is that IPv4 addresses contain ___ bits.
 Definition
4
32
Term
The leftmost bit of an IPv4 address has a value of ___.
 Definition
128
Term
128 is the leftmost bit of an IPv4 address, followed by the values:
 Definition
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Term
Each bit inthe octet can be either a 1 or a 0. If the value is 1, it is counted as its ___ value, and if it is 0, it is ___.
 Definition
decimal
ignored
Term
If all the bits are 0, the value of the octet is __.
 Definition
0
Term
If all the bits in the octet are 1, the value is __.
 Definition
255

128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
Term
IP addresses are grouped into logical divisions called ___.
 Definition
classes
Term
The IPv4 address space has five address classes: __ through __.
 Definition
A
E
Term
IPv4 Class D is reserved for ___ addressing, and Class E is reserved for ___ development.
 Definition
multicast
future
Term
Of the three classes available for IPv4 address assignments, each uses a fixed-length ___ ___ to define the separation between the network and the node address.
 Definition
subnet mask
Term
A Class A IPv4 address uses __ octet to represent the network portion; a Class B address uses __ octets; and a Class C address uses __ octets.
 Definition
1
2
3
Term
Class A has a small number of ___ addresses, but each Class A address has a large number of possible ___ addresses.
 Definition
network
host
Term
Compared to Class A addresses, Class B has a larger number of ___, but each Class B address has a smaller number of ___.
 Definition
networks
hosts
Term
Class C has an even larger number of
___, but each Class C address has an even smaller number of ___.
 Definition
networks
hosts
Term
Class A IPv4 addresses are in the range of __ to __.
 Definition
1 to 126
Term
Class B IPv4 addresses are in the range of __ to __.
 Definition
128 to 191
Term
Class C IPv4 addresses are in the range of __ to __.
 Definition
192 to 223
Term
Class D IPv4 addresses are in the range of __ to __.
 Definition
224 to 239
Term
Class E IPv4 addresses are in the range of __ to __.
 Definition
240 to 255
Term
The 127.0.0.1 network ID is reserved for the IPv4 local ___.
 Definition
loopback
Term
Like an IP address, a subnet mask is most commonly expressed in __-bit dotted-decimal format.
 Definition
32-bit
Term
A subnet mask performs only one function: to define which parts of the IP address refer to the ___ address and which refer to the ___ address.
 Definition
network
node
Term
Class A IPv4 addresses have a subnet mask of ___.
 Definition
255.0.0.0
Term
Class B IPv4 addresses have a subnet mask of ___.
 Definition
255.255.0.0
Term
Class C IPv4 addresses have a subnet mask of ___.
 Definition
255.255.255.0
Term
___ is a process by which the node portions of an IP address create more networks than if you used the default subnet mask.
 Definition
Subnetting
Term
With subnetting, you use bits from the ___ portion of the address to create more ___ addresses.
 Definition

node

network
Term
One reason to use subnetting is that it allows you to more effectively use __ address ranges.
 Definition
IP
Term
Subnetting makes IP networking more secure and manageable by providing a mechanism to create multiple ___s rather than having just one.
 Definition
networks
Term
Multiple subnets create more ___ domains, which in turn reduces networkwide broadcast traffic.
 Definition
broadcast
Term
A ___ domain is all the logical nodes that can reach each other; a ___ domain is all the nodes that are actually connected.
 Definition
broadcast
collision
Term
True or False?
Collision domains are typically subsets of broadcast domains.
 Definition
True
Term
True or false?
Subnetting increases the number of IP addresses available.
 Definition
False
Term
Subnetting increases the number of ___ IDs and decreases the number of ___ IDs.
 Definition
network
node
Term
The best (and perhaps only pure) example of a public network is ___ ___.
 Definition
the Internet
Term
A corporate network and a network in a school are examples of ___ networks.
 Definition
private
Term
The main difference between public and private networks is that the ___ of devices on a public network must be carefully considered.
 Definition
addressing
Term
Class A private addresses are in the range of __ to __, with a subnet mask of ___.
 Definition
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
255.0.0.0
Term
Class B private addresses are in the range of __ to __, with a subnet mask of ___.
 Definition
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
255.255.0.0
Term
Class C private addresses are in the range of __ to __, with a subnet mask of ___.
 Definition
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
255.255.255.0
Term
IPv6 uses ___ ___ routing to assign addresses outside the standard Class A, B, and C structure.
 Definition
Classless interdomain routing (CIDR)
Term
Using CIDR, addresses are assigned using a value known as the ___.
 Definition
slash
Term
The value of the CIDR slash depends on how many bits of the ___ ___ are used to express the network portion of the address.
 Definition
subnet mask
Term
A subnet mask that uses all 8 bits from the first octet and 4 from the second would be described as ___.
 Definition
/12, or “slash 12”
Term
A subnet mask that uses all the bits from the first three octets would be called ___.
 Definition
/24
Term
The address 192.168.2.1/24 means that the node’s IP address is 192.168.2.1, and the subnet mask is ___.
 Definition
255.255.255.0
Term
A ___ ___ allows a device to access a host on another network for which it does not have a specifically configured route.
 Definition
default gateway
Term
Most workstation configurations use a ___ ___ instead of a static route.
 Definition
default gateway
Term
When a system wants to communicate with another device, it first determines whether the host is on the ___ network or a ___ network.
 Definition
local
remote
Term
If the host is on a remote network, the system looks in the ___ ___ to determine whether it has an entry for the network on which the remote host resides.
 Definition
routing table
Term
If the routing table does not have an entry for the network on which the remote host resides, the data is sent to the ___ ___.
 Definition
default gateway
Term
True or False?
The default gateway must be on the same network as the nodes that use it.
 Definition
True
Term
The default gateway is simply the path out of the ___ for a given device.
 Definition
network
Term
On the network, a default gateway could be a ___ or a computer with ___ ___ for all segments to which it is connected.
 Definition
router
network interfaces
Term
If a system is not configured with a ___ ___ or a ___ ___, it is limited to operating on its own network segment.
 Definition
static route
default gateway
Term
IPv4 has three primary communication address types: ___, ___ and ___.
 Definition
unicast
broadcast
multicast
Term
With a ___ address, a single address is specified.
 Definition
unicast
Term
Data sent with ___ addressing is delivered to a specific node identified by the address.
 Definition
unicast
Term
A unicast address is a __-__-__ address link.
 Definition
point-to-point
Term
A ___ address is an IP address that you can use to target all systems on a network or subnet instead of a single host.
 Definition
broadcast
Term
A ___ message is sent from one user to a group of destination nodes.
 Definition
multicast
Term
A multicast group is established by configuring each device with the same ___ IP address.
 Definition
multicast
Term
IPv4 uses a 32-bit addressing scheme. This gives IPv4 a total of more than ___ ___ possible unique addresses that can be assigned to IP devices.
 Definition
4 billion
Term
IPv6 uses a ___-bit addressing scheme, enabling a huge number of possible addresses.
 Definition
128
Term
An IPv6 address is divided along __-bit boundaries
 Definition
16
Term
Each 16-bit block of an IPv6 address is converted into a __-digit hexadecimal number and separated by colons. The resulting representation is called ___-___.
 Definition
4
colon-hexadecimal
Term
To simplify IPv6 addresses, a contiguous sequence of two or more 16-bit blocks set to 0 (0000:) can be compressed to ___ known as the ___ ___.
 Definition
::
double colon


For example, the IPv6 address of 2001:0000:0000:0000:3cde:37d1:3f57:fe93 can be compressed to 2001::3cde:37d1:3f57:fe93
Term
True or False? 2001:4000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0003 can be compressed as 2001:4::3
 Definition
False

0s cannot be eliminated when they are not first in the number sequence. So this address would be compressed as 2001:4000::3
Term
To determine what numbers are represented by a double colon in an IPv6 address, subtract the number of blocks used from __ then multiply by __.
 Definition
8
16

For example, the address 2001:4000::3 uses three blocks: 2001, 4000, and 3. So the formula is (8 - 3) * 16 = 80

The total number of bits represented by the double colon in this example is 80.
Term
True or false?
In compressing an IPv6 address, you can remove 0s more than once.
 Definition
False
Using a double colon more than once would make it impossible to determine the number of 0 bits represented by each instance of ::
Term
An IPv6 ___ address specifies a single interface. Data packets travel from the sending host to the destination host in a direct line of communication.
 Definition
unicast
Term
In IPv6, ___ ___ addresses are the equivalent of IPv4 public addresses. They are routable and travel throughout the network.
 Definition
Global unicast
Term
In IPv6, ___-___ addresses are designated for use on a single local network.
 Definition
Link-local
Term
True or False?
In IPv6, Link-local addresses are automatically configured on all interfaces.
 Definition
True

This automatic configuration is comparable to the 169.254.0.0/16 APIPA automatically assigned IPv4 addressing scheme.
Term
fe80::/64 is the prefix used for a ___-___ address.
 Definition
link-local
Term
On a single-link IPv6 network with no router, ___-___ addresses are used to communicate between devices on the link.
 Definition
link-local
Term
In IPv6, ___-___ addresses are equivalent to IPv4 private addresses
 Definition
Site-local
Term
Site-local (i.e. private) addresses must be assigned through either ___ or ___ configuration.
 Definition
stateless
stateful
Term
The prefix FEC0::/10 is used for the ___-___ address.
 Definition
site-local
Term
In IPv6, as with IPv4, ___ sends and receives data between groups of nodes.
 Definition
multicasting
Term
In IPv6, ___ sends IP messages to a group rather than to every node on the LAN or just one other node.
 Definition
multicasting
Term
An IPv6 ___ address is the middle ground between unicast and multicast. It delivers messages to any one node in the multicast group.
 Definition
anycast
Term
IP autoconfiguration is a form of ___ configuration.
 Definition
stateless
Term
In a ___ configuration network, devices obtain address information from a server.
 Definition
stateful
Term
The IPv6 addresses ___ and ___ are reserved as the loopback addresses.
 Definition
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Term
fe80:: is a ___ link-local address.
 Definition
private
Term
___ addressing refers to the manual assignment of IP addresses to a system.
 Definition
Static
Term
___ addressing refers to the automatic assignment of IP addresses.
 Definition
Dynamic
Term
True or False?
Nearly all networks use static IP addressing.
 Definition
False
Nearly all networks use dynamic IP addressing.
Term
When a network is configured to use DHCP, several mission-critical network systems (DHCP server, DNS server, web server) continue to use static addressing. Why?
 Definition
Their IP addresses can never change. If they did, client systems would be unable to access the resources from that server.
Term
TCP/IP configuration can occur automatically via ___ or ___.
 Definition

DHCP

APIPA
Term
In a TCP/IP network, each system must be assigned a unique ___ ___ so that it can communicate on the network.
 Definition
IP address
Term
In a TCP/IP network, the ___ ___ enables the system to determine what portion of the IP address represents the network address and what portion represents the node address.
 Definition
Subnet mask
Term
In a TCP/IP network, the ___ ___ enables the system to communicate on a remote network, without the need for explicit routes to be defined.
 Definition
Default gateway
Term
In a TCP/IP network, ___ ___ addresses enable dynamic hostname resolution to be performed.
 Definition
DNS server
Term
___ ___ was created so diskless workstations could obtain information needed to connect to the network, such as the TCP/IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
 Definition
BOOT Protocol (BOOTP)
Term
Like DHCP, BOOT Protocol (BOOTP) is a ___-based system. Therefore, routers must be configured to forward a BOOTP ___.
 Definition

broadcast

broadcast
Term
____ enables a system to give itself an IP address if it is incapable of receiving an address dynamically from a DHCP server.
 Definition
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
Term
APIPA assigns an IP address from the _____ address range and configures a subnet mask of _____.
 Definition
169.254.0.0
255.255.0.0
Term
True or False?
APIPA does not configure the system
with a default gateway address.
 Definition
True

As a result, communication is limited to the local network.
Term
If a system that does not support APIPA cannot get an address from a DHCP server, it typically assigns itself an IP address of _____.
 Definition
0.0.0.0

Keep this in mind when troubleshooting IP addressing problems on non-APIPA platforms.
Term
True or False?
APIPA is of limited use in real-world environments.
 Definition
True
Term
A ___ ___ is a 6-byte (48-bit) hexadecimal address that enables a NIC to be uniquely identified on the network.
 Definition
MAC address
Term
A MAC address is sometimes called a ___ address because it is physically embedded in the interface.
 Definition
physical
Term
The ___ ___ forms the basis of network communication, regardless of the protocol used to achieve network connection.
 Definition
MAC address
Term
In a MAC address, the first ___ bytes define the manufacturer, and the last ___ are assigned by the manufacturer.
 Definition
3
3
Term
In a MAC address, the first 3 bytes are called the ___ ___ ___.
 Definition
Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI)
Term
In a MAC address, the last 3 bytes are called the ___ ___ MAC address.
 Definition
Universal LAN
Term
Because MAC addresses are expressed in hexadecimal, only the numbers __ through __ and the letters __ through __ can be used in them.
 Definition
0 through 9
A through F

If you get an exam question about identifying a MAC address and some of the answers contain letters and numbers other than these, you can immediately discount those answers.
Term
To see the MAC Addresses of a NIC in Windows 2003/2008/XP/Vista/7 enter ___ at a command prompt.
 Definition
ipconfig /all
Term
To see the MAC Addresses of a NIC in Linux enter the ___ command.
 Definition
ifconfig -a
Term
To see the MAC Addresses of a NIC in Novell NetWare enter the ___ command.
 Definition
config
Term
To see the MAC Addresses of a NIC in a Cisco router enter the ___ interface name command.
 Definition
sh int
Term
The basic principle of ___ ___ ___ is that many computers can “hide” behind a single IP address.
 Definition
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Term
Using ___ ___ ___ means that only one registered IP address is needed on the system’s external interface, acting as the gateway between the internal and external networks.
 Definition
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Term
True or False?
NAT is a kind of proxy service
 Definition
False

The proxy service is different from NAT, but many proxy server applications do include NAT functionality.
Term
A NAT system ____ a request to the Internet. To the remote host, the request looks like it is originating from a single address.
 Definition
funnels
Term
When you statically map a specific internal IP address to a specific external one (known as the __-__-__ NAT method), outgoing requests are always tagged with the same IP address.
 Definition
one-to-one
Term
If you have a group of public IP addresses, you can have the NAT system assign addresses to devices on a ___-___, ___-___ basis.
 Definition
first-come
first-served
Term
__ __ __ enables administrators to conserve public IP addresses and, at the same time, secure the internal network.
 Definition
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Term
___ ___ ___ is a variation on NAT.
 Definition
Port Address Translation (PAT)
Term
With PAT, all systems on the LAN are translated to the same ___ address, but with a different ___ number assignment.
 Definition
IP
port
Term
With PAT, when packets come back into the private network, they are routed to their destination with a table that tracks the public and private ___ ___.
 Definition
port numbers
Term
When ___ ___ ___ is used, there is typically only a single IP address exposed to the public network, and multiple network devices access the Internet through this exposed IP address.
 Definition
Port Address Translation (PAT)
Term
True or False?
When PAT is used, the sending devices, IP address, and port number are not exposed.
 Definition
True
Term
___ ___ ___ ___ directly maps a private IP address to a static unchanging public IP address.
 Definition
Static Network Address Translation (SNAT)
Term
___ ___ ___ ___ enables an internal system such as a mail server to have an unregistered (private) IP address and still be reachable over the Internet.
 Definition
Static Network Address Translation (SNAT)
Term
Each TCP/IP application has a ___ associated with it.
 Definition
port
Term
When PAT receives a communication, it checks the target port number is to determine which ___ or service it is destined for.
 Definition
protocol
Term
TCP/IP has 65,535 ports available, with __ to __ labeled as the well-known ports.
 Definition
0 to 1023
Term
The term ___-___ ports identifies the ports ranging from 0 to 1023.
 Definition
well-known
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