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| 5 General Areas of Nervous System |
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Definition
- peripheral nervous system
- spinal cord
- brainstem
- cerebellum
- the cerebral hemispheres |
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| 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| 5 General Areas of Nervous System |
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Definition
- peripheral nervous system
- spinal cord
- brainstem
- cerebellum
- the cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
-conscious
- involved in touch, pain, temperature, movement of limbs
- soma = body |
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Definition
- automatic
- involved in control of smooth muscles and glands
- includes sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| stimulated by relaxed feelings i.e. eating a turkey dinner |
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Definition
- extends from medulla
- contains ascending sensory and descending motor neuron pathways, as well as interneurons that represent the intrinsic circuitry of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
- base of brain
- contains cardiovascular and respiratory centers |
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| ascending sensory pathways |
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Definition
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| descending sensory pathways |
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Definition
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Definition
- contains the sensory & motor pathways from/to the spinal cord
- includes: medulla, pons, midbrain, reticular formation, thalamus & hypothalamus |
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Definition
- runs length of brain stem
- involved in arousal and control of autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| control of eye movements & arousal |
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Definition
| responsible for auditory/visual orientation and movement/arousal |
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Definition
- runs length of brainstem
- involved in arousal and control of autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
- relay station of the brain
- almost all sensory and motor information to and from cerebral hemispheres passes thru it
- also role in attention and sleep, |
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Definition
- controls autonomic nervous system and secretion of pituitary hormones
- MASTER GLAND |
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Definition
- integrates sensory input and motor information to coordinate fine movements, maintain posture, focus attention, and control head/eye movements.
- And many cognitive functions (e.g. language, emotionality, attention) |
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| takes up 20% of volume and 50% of the neurons in the brain |
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Definition
- the dominant feature of the human brain
- characterized by extensive sulci and gyri of cortex. |
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- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe |
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Definition
- sensations from, and movement on, left side of body
- also involved in object/shape recognition
- prosody (rhythm) |
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Definition
- sensations from, and movement on, right side of body
- also involved in language
- reasoning |
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Term
| Development of the human brain |
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Definition
- first organ system to develop;
- neurogenesis proceeds at amazing rate in utero (about 250,000 cells a minute at its peak!)
- vertebrate nervous systems added “levels” to this simple organization, allowing for increasingly flexible behaviors |
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Definition
- connects 2 sides of the brain
- allows right hemisphere to talk to left hemisphere & vice versa |
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Definition
- "human" lobe
- key area for language, learning/memory, complex movement, "consciousness," attention, affect |
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Definition
| - key area for somatosensation & integration of sensory information from different modalities |
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Definition
- includes areas such as the hippocampus (key area for memory) and amygdala (key area in emotions)
- also involved in audition and visual processing. |
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Definition
- electrical signal produced by sensory neurons, caused by the presence of a particular kind of physical stimulus (light, touch, etc.).
- from this point, the stimulus may be perceived by the rest of the nervous system (consciously or unconsciously) or ignored. Perception occurs when you have organized your sensations enough to recognize a particular object. |
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Definition
- founded psychophysics
- first person to look at how we sense and perceive
- discovered absolute thresholds and difference thresholds. |
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Definition
| the green, blue or brown that surrounds your pupil |
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Definition
-a hardening of lens that accompanies aging
-prevents the lens from changing shape to accommodate to different distances of visual stimuli
- you end up near sighted or far sighted |
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Definition
| smallest detectable difference between a starting and secondary level of a particular sensory stimulus. |
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| smallest detectable level of a stimulus |
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Definition
- light passes thru the cornea and enters the eye through the pupil.
- pupil size is controlled by your iris; the blue, green or brown part that surrounds the pupil.
- once light has passed thru the pupil, it is focused onto the back of the eye by the lens. |
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Term
| 2 receptors that transduce light |
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Definition
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Definition
- not sensitive, but very accurate (high acuity)
- involved in color vision
- used in the daytime, or when the lighting is good.
- more plentiful in the middle of the eye, in an area called the fovea. |
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Definition
- very sensitive but low acuity
- not involved in color vision, and the world is a variety of greys
- used in night vision
- more common on the periphery of eye. |
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Definition
| blind spot at the back of the eye where the optic nerve leaves |
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| that part of the world that sends or reflects light onto the rods/cones that send information to that cell |
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Definition
- projects into posterior parietal cortex
- involved in different high-level perceptual skills, such as the perception of the spatial relationships between objects
- sometimes called the “WHERE” system. |
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Definition
- projects into the temporal lobe
- involved in object recognition (the “WHAT” system).
- Cells in this area are most sensitive to incredibly complex visual stimuli, representing the convergence of information from many different parts of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
- usually caused by problem with cones
- Can also be caused by damage to visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
- occurs when visual stimulus overexcites cells sensitive to one color.
- When the stimulus is turned off, and you look at a white background, the cells that were overexcited become quiet for a brief period of time, while the cells that normally code of the opposing color maintain a normal rate of activity.
- The result is the illusion of an identical stimulus presented in the opposing color. |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| elicits a response of its own |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| elicited by the US whenever the US is presented |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| originally neutral, it comes to elicit a response as it is associated with the US. |
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| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| elicited by the CS as it becomes associated with the US. Often, the CR is a smaller version of the UR. |
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Definition
| process by which a CR is weakened by presentation of the CS without the US. |
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Term
| conditioned taste aversions |
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Definition
- subject learns to avoid a food that has been paired with illness.
- adaptive when it helps you to avoid toxic foods, but not when it impairs your ability to eat anything. |
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Term
| conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
- CS associated with a emotion-laden US
- person comes to associate emotion with CS
- this is adaptive if it facilitates response to a US but not if the CS is the only thing that is presented (e.g., needle phobias).
- person can be treated by extinguishing their conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
- a brain region critical to conditioned emotional response
- it is responsible for placing “affective tags” on stimuli
- if lesioned, a person becomes emotionally flat. |
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Definition
| when the consequence of a response increases the likelihood that the response happens again (e.g., food, absence of shock) |
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Definition
- interested in learning and memory; looked at how animals learn to escape a “puzzle box”.
- found that animals acquire new responses when they led to reinforcement such as food
- called this the Law of Effect
- called operant conditioning |
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Definition
| behavior is controlled by its consequences…it becomes more likely if it leads to a positive reinforcer (or removes a negative reinforcer), and less likely if it leads to punishment |
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Definition
| when the likelihood of the response decreases as a function of the consequence |
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Definition
- learning that occurs in the absence of any obvious or immediate reward or explicit pairing or stimuli…or even an obvious change in behaviour!
- information is learned, stored, manipulated and associated on the chance it MIGHT be useful some day. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs in the absence of obvious behavioural changes |
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Definition
- had rats run a maze with many different possible successful routes.
- rats that were rewarded at end of maze ran faster and faster, indicating they were learning the routes thru the maze.
- rats that ran the maze without getting rewarded ran much slower…but if they suddenly began to get a reward at the end of the maze their behaviour changed instantly so that they were running as fast as the rats that were always rewarded.
- Tolman argued rats had both groups had formed a cognitive map of the maze; only the reinforced group displayed its learning. This type of learning is very dependent on the hippocampus, found in the temporal lobes. |
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Definition
- happens when you suddenly figure out what something means
- found that chimps could learn to use “tools” in novel ways to gain access to desired objects (e.g., fruit), in a way that the experimenter might never expect.
- frontal lobes are critical for this type of learning; idea is that they allow for high-order integration of information into novel solutions to problems. |
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Term
| Bandura’s Observational Learning |
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Definition
- you learn by watching others, even when you do not share in their rewards or actually perform the behaviours that they engage in.
- vicarious reward facilitates this learning; if the observed behaviour results in a positive reward the behaviour is likely to be “modelled”, but it is less likely if the observed behaviour results in a negative reward.
- the brain’s mirror neuron system is critical for this type of learning; mirror neurons are cells that fire when a person engages in a task OR when they watch someone engage in the same task (thus, they “mirror” the other person’s behavior) |
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Term
| location of mirror neurons in the brain |
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Definition
| frontal lobe and the parietal-temporal junction |
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Term
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Definition
- is a continuous, dynamic representation of information in the brain
- information moves from sensation to perception to memory.
- information is remembered better if you encode in multiple modalities (e.g., verbally and visually)
- this reflects impact of depth of processing (you think about different aspects of what is remembered) and also breadth of processing (you fit new information into what you already know). |
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Definition
| new information is integrated into old information that is already in memory. |
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| grouping items in memory into related "chunks" |
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| last just a few seconds, almost like an after-image…iconic memory exists for visual information (visual cortex), while echoic memory (auditory cortex) exists for sounds. |
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Definition
| visual information (visual cortex) |
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| audio information (auditory cortex) |
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Definition
- exists for seconds...or longer, if we rehearse.
- The term working memory is sometimes substituted for STM, and refers to the dynamic process of using and manipulating the information that is in short-term memory. |
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Definition
| created from STM by consolidation. |
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Definition
| increase in neural connectivity |
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Definition
| amnesia for events before a traumatic event |
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Definition
| amnesia for events occurring after a traumatic event |
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Definition
- especially important to LTM; recall patient HM from your text.
- organizes all of the bits of information that come together to form a memory
- if it is damaged, you can keep the information in STM (all the bits are together), but cannot recall it once it has left STM (no ability to pull the bits back together). |
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Term
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Definition
| - for LTM to occur, glutamate has to bind to its receptors on postsynaptic neurons at the same time that the postsynaptic neurons are being excited enough to have action potentials. When this happens, the glutamate stimulation permanently increases the strength of the synapse…making it easier for the neurons to fire together (this change represents the “memory” for the information). |
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Definition
- unconscious, cannot be articulated; include procedural memories (eg, how to ride a bike).
- involve cerebellum; basal ganglia; sensory cortices |
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Definition
- explicit memory is conscious, can be articulated (eg., Paris is the capital of France…or a ditzy rich blonde!).
- involve the hippocampus and frontal lobes. |
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Definition
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Term
| semantic vs. episodic memory |
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Definition
- semantic: for general world knowledge (What is the capital of France?)
- episodic memory : for your own personal experiences (What did you do last Friday night?).
- both involve hippocampus and frontal lobes…both are explicit memories. |
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Definition
| memory influenced by the mood/environment that you were in when you formed the original memory |
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| information received by others that is actually false |
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