| Lithospheric Plates |
| Regions of Earth's crust and upper mantle that are fractured into plates that move across a deeper plasticine mantle. |
| divergent plate boundaries |
| two plates move apart from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from moltenmagma that forms below. |
| convergent plate boundaries |
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two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments oflithosphere move toward one another and collide. |
| Oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries |
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| Continental-continental convergent plate boundaries |
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| Oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries |
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| transform-fault plate boundary |
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ex: san andres fault |
| Things Proving Plate Tectonics |
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Oldest Oceanic Crust? Oldest Continental crust? |
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oceanic ~ 200 Million Years continental ~ 3.8 Billion Years |
| Mineral |
| naturally occuring compound or chemical element made of atoms arranged in an orderly, repetative pattern |
| Luster |
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appearance of minerals when light is relfected from its surface
metallic vs. non-metallic |
| Hardness |
| resistance of a smooth surface to abraison or scratching |
| Mohs Hardness Scale |
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| cleavage |
| break along flat planes |
| fractures |
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breakage that is not on a flat surface. Two main kinds of fracture are conchoidal (shell shaped, as in quartz) and uneven |
| Crystal |
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a solid, homogenous, orderly array of atoms
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Potassium Feldspar luster: non-metallic hardness: 6 Streak: White Cleavage: 2 @ 90 deg other properties: no striations |
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Gypsum luster: non-metallic hardness: 2 Streak: White Cleavage: 3 not @ 90 deg other properties: striations |
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Galena luster: metallic hardness: 2.5 Streak: black Cleavage: 3 @ 90 deg
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Biotite luster: non-metallic hardness: 1 Streak: blackish Cleavage: 1 other properties: flakey |
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Sulfur luster: non-metallic hardness: 1.5-2.5 Streak: yellowish Cleavage: 0 other properties: smell |
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Pyrite luster: metallic hardness: 6-7 Streak: black Cleavage: 3 @ 90 deg
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Garnet luster: non-metallic hardness: 6-7 Streak: colorless Cleavage: 0
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Chalcopyrite
luster: metallic
hardness: 3.5-4
Streak: greenish black
Cleavage: 0
other properties: softer than pyrite
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Olivine luster: non-metallic hardness: 6-7 Streak: White Cleavage: 0 other properties: glassy luster, color |
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Muscovite luster: non-metallic hardness: 1-2 Streak: White Cleavage: 1 other properties: transparent
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Corundum luster: non-metallic hardness: 7-8 Streak: White Cleavage: 3 not @ 90 deg
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Halite luster: non-metallic hardness: 2-3.5 Streak: White Cleavage: 3 @ 90 deg other properties: tastes salty |
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Hematite luster: metallic hardness: 5.5-7 Streak: redish grey Cleavage: 0
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kaolinite luster: non-metallic hardness: < 2 Streak: White Cleavage: 0
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Quartz luster: non-metallic hardness: 7 Streak: White Cleavage: 3 not @ 90 deg other properties: multi colored, pyramid heads |
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Calcite luster: non-metallic hardness: 2-3.5 Streak: colorless Cleavage: 3 not @ 90 deg other properties: reacts w/ HCl |
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Magnetite luster: metallic hardness: 5.5 Streak: black Cleavage: 0 other properties: magnetic |
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Plagiocase luster: non-metallic hardness: 6-7 Streak: colorless Cleavage: 2 not @ 90 deg
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Flourite luster: non-metallic hardness: 4 Streak: white Cleavage: 4 not @ 90 deg other properties: purple, green |
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Pyroxene luster: non-metallic hardness: 7 Streak: white Cleavage: 2 not @ 90 deg
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Hornblende luster: non-metallic hardness: 5-6 Streak: gray/ greenish black Cleavage: 0
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| Mafic |
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dark in color form an mid-ocean ridges hot spots |
| Felsic |
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light in color form at subduction zones continental material needed |
| Intermediate |
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mix of mafic and felsic form at subduction zones rare -> mid ocean ridges |
| Intrusive Rocks |
| igneous rocks that cool beneath the surface |
| Extrusive Rocks |
| igneous rocks that cool on the surface |
| Pegmatitic |
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igneous rocks with crystals > 3cm high H2O slow cooling |
| Vesicular |
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igneous rock w/ holes gas rich lava <60% vesicals
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| Scoriacous |
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igneous rock > 60% vesicals |
| prophoryitic |
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igneous rock w/ 3 crystal sizes slow cooling ----> fals cooling "chocloate chip cookies" |
| glassy |
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igneous rocks instant cooling |
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Scoria texture: vesicular mineral composition: mafic other properties: black/ red color orgin: cinder cone |
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Basalt texture: aphanitic mineral composition: mafic other properties: almost black in color orgin: Mid-ocean ridge/hot spots |
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Pumice texture: glassy w/ several small vesicles mineral composition: felsic other properties: light grey in color orgin: froth of volcanic glass |
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Diorite texture: course grained (phaneritic) mineral composition: intermediate other properties: black/white color orgin: intrusive |
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Granite texture: phaneritic mineral composition: felsic other properties: black/grey/pinkish in color orgin: slow-cooling |
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Obsidian texture: glassy mineral composition: intermediate other properties: black orgin: instant cooling |
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Gabbro texture: phaneritic mineral composition: mafic other properties: mostly dark colored orgin: slow-cooling |
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Rhyolite Tuff texture: pyroclastic mineral composition: felsic other properties: sandy color orgin: 2-step cooling
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Vesicular Basalt texture: scoriacous mineral composition: mafic other properties: black orgin: lava flow or cinder cone |
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Porphyritic Granite texture: course grained (prophyctic) mineral composition: felsic other properties: pink/grey orgin: slow-cooling/intrusive
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Rhyolite texture: fine grained (aphanitic) mineral composition: felsic other properties: tan/pink orgin: slow-cooling/intrusive |
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Andesite/Porphyry texture: porphoritic mineral composition: intermediate other properties: gray w/ black crystals orgin: 2-step cooling |
| steps to form sedimentary rocks |
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| weathering |
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physical ---> ex. freeze thaw chemical----> ex. H2O disolve existing minerals |
| erosion/transportation |
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| compaction & cementation |
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| 3 basic sediment reactions |
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| Clastic Sediment Reaction |
gravel > 2mm sand 2mm - 0.063mm |
| Biogenic Sediment Reactions |
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| Chemical Sediment Reaction |
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| graded bedding |
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sedimentary deposition fine medium largest |
| Ripple Marks |
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sedimentary structure symetrical vs. asymetrical |
| cross bedding |
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sedimentary structure caused by current (diagonal bedding) |
| Horizontal Bedding |
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sedimentary structure no current needed (horiz bedding) |
| Mudcracks |
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sedimentary structure mracks on top of rock, used to be mud |
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Arkose texture: Clastic mineral composition: Quartz sorting/roundness: well-sorted & rounded depositional conditions: alluvial fan |
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Rock salt texture: crystalline mineral composition: halite depositional conditions: euforite basin |
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Coal texture: bioclastic mineral composition: carbon fossils/ condition: leaves depositional conditions: compacted vegitation |
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Clastic Limestone texture: bioclastic mineral composition: calcite fossils/ condition: shels clams, broken depositional conditions: beach enviroment |
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Mudstone texture: Clastic mineral composition: clay sorting/roundness: rounded, well-sorted depositional conditions: deep ocean |
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Breccia texture: clastic mineral composition: Calcite sorting/roundness: poorly sorted depositional conditions: glacier |
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Coquina texture: bioclastic mineral composition: calcite fossils/ condition: clams, broken up depositional conditions: beach enviroment/reef |
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Rock Gypsum texture: crystalline mineral composition: gypsum depositional conditions: evaporite basin
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Chert texture: crystalline mineral composition: quartz sorting/roundness: angular depositional conditions: deep ocean |
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Conglomerate texture: clastic mineral composition: quartz and k-spar sorting/roundness: well sorted, rounded depositional conditions: riverbed |
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Claystone texture: bioclastic mineral composition: calcite sorting/roundness: rounded, well sorted fossils/ condition: micro fossils, whole depositional conditions: deep ocean |
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Shale texture: clastic mineral composition: clay minerals sorting/roundness: round, well sorted depositional conditions: deep ocean |
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Calcite texture: crystalline mineral composition: calcite depositional conditions: marine shelf |
| protolyth |
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parent rock "what did it used to be?"
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| Regional |
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large events heat, pressure, fluid foliation - parallel alignment of minerals (only in regional settings) |
| contact |
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localized - heat & fluids types:
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| facies |
| assemblage of minerals that reflects the temperature pressure of formation and can relate to a tectonic setting |
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Slate Foliation: foliated Texture: fine grained composition: slaty cleavage, "ping" sound when dropped grade: Low uses: roofing protolith: shale |
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Gneiss Foliation: foliated Texture: medium grained, crystaline composition: light & dark, layers, banded grade: high uses: monuments, counters protolith: granite, shale, mudstone
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Schist Foliation: foliated Texture: crystaline composition: crystals apearent, scaley look grade: medium-high uses: garnet protolith: shale, mudstone |
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Phyllite Foliation: folliated Texture: phylitic composition: silky, shiny luster grade: low- medium uses: tall decrotive statues protolith: shale |
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Marble Foliation: non foliated Texture: crystalline composition: chiefly calcite, reacts w/ HCl grade: low-medium uses: indoor decorative protolith: limestone |
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Quartzite Foliation: non foliated Texture: crystalline composition: chiefly quartz, scratches glass grade: medium- high uses: building stone protolith: quartz sandstone |
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Anthracite Coal Foliation: non foliated Texture: crystalline composition: shiny, dark, conchoidal fracture grade: low uses: fuel/energy protolith: coal |