| Silver stain |
| Legionella Pneumophila |
| Chocolate agar |
| Hflu (includes factor V, NAD+ and factor X, hematin) |
| Charcoal yeast culture (iron and cysteine) |
| Legionella |
| H2S producing |
| Salmonella |
| HPylori cocktail |
|
1. metronidazole, bismuth, tetracyclin OR amoxicillin 2. metronidazole, omeprazole, clarithromycin |
| question mark shaped |
| leptospira interrogans |
| VDRL positive NOT syphilis |
| treponema pertenue - causes yaws |
| Unpasteurized milk |
| brucella |
| Cat scratch fever |
| bartonella |
| rabbits! (also deer) |
| francisella tularensis (tularemia) |
| prairie dogs |
| the plague - yersinia pestis |
| dog, cat bites |
| pasteurella multocida |
| BV |
| gardnerella vaginalis |
| Need CoA and NAD |
| Rickettsiae - treat with tetracyclins |
| Weil-Felix reaction |
| serum from pts with rickettsial infection will react with proteus antigens and agglutinate (except coxiella or Q fever) |
| tumbling motility (microbe) |
| lysteria monocytogenes |
| brain cyst (microbe) |
| taenia solium (cysticercosis) |
| Liver cyst (microbe) |
| echinococcus granulosus |
|
SCC of bladder (microbe) treatment? |
|
schistosoma haematobium
praziquantel |
|
owl's eye cell |
|
CMV-infected cell
|
| Cowdry-A Inclusion |
|
HSV infected Cell
|
|
Councilman Bodies |
|
Yellow Fever or viral hepatitis - inclusion body seen in liver
|
| Surface F Protein |
|
Paramyxoviruses (Parainfluenza, Rubeola, RSV, Mumps) Mediates cell entry targeted by pavilizumab |
|
|
|
Negri Bodies
Rabies infected neurons |
|
Sulfur granules + Branching rods from oral sample |
| Actinomyces Israelli |
| Dog/cat bite |
| pasteurella multocida |
| currant jelly sputum |
| klebsiella |
| + PAS |
| Whipple's Disease - Tropheryma whippelii |
| fungal infection in pt with DM |
| mucor or rhizopus |
| Eaton's Agar |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| High titer of IgM (cold agglutinins) |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Mississippi and Ohio River valleys |
| Histoplasmosis |
| Bird and bat droppings |
| Histoplasmosis |
| Dx by KOH of sputum |
| Blastomycosis |
| American southwest |
| coccidioidomycosis |
| budding yeast w/ captain's wheel appearance (circle with spokes coming out) |
| paracoccidioidomycosis |
| tinea versicolor |
| malassezia furfur |
| spaghetti and meatball on KOH |
| malassezia furfur |
| Sabouraud's agar |
| crypococcus neoformans |
| brain "soap bubble" lesion |
| crypococcus neoformans |
| non-septate hyphae w/ wide angles |
| mucor/rhizopus |
| methenamine silver stain |
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) Stain lung tissue |
| ascending lymphangitis |
| sporothrix schenckii |
| Neonate w/ chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus |
| toxo |
| rapid meningoencephalitis post swim in fresh water? |
| Naelgleria fowleri |
| Tsetse fly (ouch!) |
| trypanosoma gambiense or rhodesiense - sleeping sickness |
| Treatment - trypanosoma gambiense or rhodesiense |
| suramin, melarsoprol (if CNS penetration needed) |
| Chagas |
| Trypanosoma cruzi |
| Treatment - chagas |
| Nifurtimox |
| Treatment - Leishmania donovani |
| sodium stibogluconate |
| Treatment - Plasmodium vivax/ovale |
| choloroquine plus primaquine for dormant liver bugs |
| Treatment - babesia |
| quinine, clinda |
| treatment - enterobius vermicularis |
| bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate |
| treatment - ascaris lumbricoides |
| bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate |
| Undercooked pork |
| trichinella |
| treatment - trichinella |
| bendazoles |
| treatment - strongyloides stercoralis |
| bendazoles or ivermectin |
| River blindness |
| onchocerca volvulus |
| Treatment - river blindness |
| Ivermectin |
| Hookworms - treatment |
| mebendazole (bendazoles) or pyrantel palmoate |
| treatment - dracuculus medinensis |
| Niridazole |
| Treatment - Loa Loa |
| diethylcarbamazine |
| Elephantiasis - infectious agent and treatment |
| wuchereria bancrofti, diethycarbamazine |
| Treatment - toxocara canis |
| diethylcarbamazine |
| tape worm - treatment |
| taenia solium, praziquantel (bendazoles for neurocysticercosis) |
| Ate freshwater fish, now anemic from B12 deficiency? Treatment? |
| Diphyllobothrium latum, praziquantel |
|
Liver cyst - surgeon injects ethanol before removal treatment? |
|
echinococcus granulosus
bendazoles |
|
gallstones after eating undercooked fish? Treatment? |
|
clonorchis sinensis
praziquantel |
|
Hemoptysis after eating crab? Treatment? |
|
Paragonimus westermani Praziquantel |
| infectious agent causing microcytic anemia? |
| hookworm (ancylostoma duodenale, necator americanus) via sucking blood from intestinal walls |
| Live vaccine given to HIV+ patients |
| MMR |
| DNA enveloped viruses |
| Herpes (HSV 1&2, EBV, CMV, VZV), HBV, smallpox |
| Single strand DNA virus |
| parvovirus |
| Double strand RNA virus |
| reoviruses (rotavirus, reovirus - colorado tick fever) |
| DNA nuclocapsid viruses |
| Adenovirus, papilomaviruses, parvovirus |
| RNA enveloped viruses (10) |
| Influenza, parainfluenza, RSV, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, HTLV, HIV, HCV |
| RNA nucleocapsid viruses |
| enteroviruses (polio, coxsackie, echovirus, HAV, HEV), rhinovirus, reovirus (rotavirus) |
| infectious agent seen within neutrophils |
| gonorrhea |
| cellulitis post ocean (or lake) swim? |
| aeromonas and vibrio vulnificans |
| RPR |
| serum mixed with cardiolipin, cholesterol and lecithin. Test for spirochet antibodies |
| oxidase + organisms |
| Pseudomonas, vibrio cholera, campylobacter |
| osteomyelitis in patient with sickle cell anemia? |
| Salmonella |
|
| Giardia |
|
| Entamoeba histolytica |
|
| Cryptosporidium |
|
| Toxoplasma gondii |
|
| Naegleria fowleri |
|
| trypanosoma cruzi |
|
| Leishmania donovani |
 
|
| Babesia (left - ring form, right - maltese cross) |
|
| Trichomonas Vaginalis |
|
| Candida |
|
|
| Aspergillus |
|
| Cryptococcus |
|
| Blastomycosis |
|
| Histoplasmosis |
| Portal hypertension |
| schistosoma mansoni |
| sandfly |
| leishmaniasis |
| envelope from nuclear membrane |
| Herpes viruses (HSV 1&2, EBV, CMV, VZV, Roseola, HHV8) |
| Aedes fly |
| Yellow fever |
| Influenza antigens |
|
hemagglutinin (viral entry) neuraminidase (progeny virion release) |
| UTI assoc with struvite stones |
| proteus |
| Rash head -> toes, postauricular lymphadenopathy |
| Rubella |
| angiomatosis in immunocompromised individuals - confused with karposi sarcoma |
| Bartonella |
| Acid fast cysts in stool |
| cryptosporidium |
| Catalase + |
| staph (aureus, saprophyticus, epidermidis), nocardia, serratia, pseudomonas cepacia, Aspergillus |
| Inhibit peptidoglycan cross-linkin |
| penicillin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, pipercillin, imipenem, aztroenam, cephalosporins |
| Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis |
| bacitracin, vancomycin |
| inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase |
| cholamphenicol |
| inhibit initiation complex formation (30S) |
| aminoglycosides |
| bind 50S blocking translocation |
| macrolides (erythromycin), clindamycin, lincomycin |
| Inhibits DNA gyrase |
| flouroquinolones |
| Block protein synth at 30S ribosomal subunit |
| tetracyclines |
| Block mRNA polymerase |
| Rifampin |
| Block nucleotide synthesis |
| Sulfonamides, trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) |
| Bacteriostatic antibiotics |
| Erythromycin, clindamycin, SMX, TMP, tetracyclins, chloramphenicol |
| Bactericidal |
| vancomycin, fluoroquinolones, penicillin, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, metronidazole |
| Sensitive to ampicilling/amoxicillin |
| Hflu, Ecoli, listeria, proteus, salmonella, enterocci |
| Aztreonam |
|
inhibits cell wall synth, resistent to beta-lactamases treats gram negative rods no cross allergenicity with penicillins |
| Pt needs imipenem, what else do you give? |
| Cilastatin (decrease inactivation of renal tubules by inhibiting renal dihydropeptidase I) |
| mechanism of resistance to Vanc? |
| via amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac. |
| Vancomycin mechanism |
| inhibit cell wall mucopeptide formation by binding to D-ala D-ala of cell wall precursers |
| Linezolid mechanism |
| block 50S ribosome |
| Antibiotic, requiring O2 for uptake |
| aminoglycosides |
| Ototox with loop diaretics |
| aminoglycosides |
| nephrotox with aminoglycosides |
| cephalosporins |
| Tetracylines - dietary restrictions |
| milk, iron-containing products, antiacids (divalent cations inhibit gut absorption) |
| Bind to 23S rRNA |
| macrolides |
| Prolongued QT |
| macrolides (esp erythromycin) |
| gray baby syndrome |
| cholamphenicol (due to lack of UDP-glucuronyl transferase) |
| Antibiotic with side effect of aplastic anemia |
| chloramphenicol |
| sulfonamide mechanism |
| PABA antimetabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase (ie formation of tetrahydrofolic acid needed for thymine, purine and methionine, glycine and tRNA synth) |
| Trimethoprim mechanism |
| Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (inhibits THF- tetrahydro folic acid - formation) |
| displaces warfarin from albumin |
| sulfonamides |
| side effect - granulocytopenia and leukopenia |
| trimethoprim |
| produces orange body fluids |
| rifampin |
| prevent neurotox with isoniazid |
| B6 |
| Drug causing optic neuropathy |
| Ethambutol (anti-TB) |
| Isoniazid mechanism |
| decreased synthesis of mycolic acids |
| Tetracycline resistance mechanism |
| increased transport out or decreased uptake |
| MRSA resistance mechanism |
| altered PBP |
| Aminoglycoside resistance |
| acetylation, adenylation or phosphorylation |
| chloramphenicol resistance mechanism |
| acetylation |
| Macrolide resistance mechanism |
| methylation of rRNA near ribosome binding site |
| fluoroquinolones resistance mechanism |
| altered gyrase or reduced uptake |
| sulfonamide resistance mechanism |
| altered enzyme (dihyropteroate synthetase), decreased uptake or increased PABA synthesis |
| griseofulvin mechanism |
| microtubules dysruption |
| azoles mechanism |
| lanosterol to ergosterol inhibition |
| terbinafine mechanism |
| squalene to lanosterol inhibition |
| amphotericin and nystatin mechanism |
| pore formation, disrupting membrane |
| antifungal that crosses blood-brain barrier |
| fluconazole |
| tellurite agar |
| diphtheria |
| Torch infections - rubella |
| PDA (or pulmonary artery hypoplasia), cataracts, deafness, blueberry muffin rash, microcephaly/MR |
| latex particle agglutination test |
| cryptococcus |
| cryptococcus treatment in HIV+ patients |
| amphotericin B and flucytosine |
| gram negative sepsis |
|
Lipid A Induces shock by macrophage and granulocyte activation |
| Organisms that use pili |
| uropathogenic or enteropathogenic Ecoli, cholera, pertussis, neisseria meningitidis |
| mucicarmine stain |
| cryptococcus, stains polysaccaride capsule |
| Make dextrans from glucose |
| viridans streptococci |
| chronic abscess after dental trauma |
| actinomyces |
| choroid plexus invasion |
| N. meningitidis, gateway to CSN invasion |
| Waterhouse-Friedrich syndrome |
| bilateral adrenal cortex hemorrhage causes adrenal insufficiency, hypotension, death |
| Hflu spread |
| pharynges-lymphatics-meninges |
| Guillain Barre after diarrheal illness |
| Campylobacter Jejuni |
| Bacteria that produce hyaluronidase |
| Group A Streptococci, C. Difficile, staph |
| cord factor |
|
mycoside found in TB, causes to grow "serpentine" on culture Virulence factor that inactivates neutrophils, damages mitochondria and induces TNF release |
| Pts serum agglutinates sheep erythocytes, indicating presence of heterophil antibodies |
| positive monospot test pt has mono (EBV) |
| protein A |
| staph - impair complement mediated cell lysis. Binds to Fc portion of IgG more than bacterial surface antigen |
| Increase intracellular survival by inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion |
| TB, M.laprae, legionella, ehrlichia |
| opsonization impairment mechanism of bacteria |
|
capsule formation - poorly immunogenic polysaccarides. S. Pneumo, N. meningitidis, H. flu, Crypto |
| IgA protease |
|
cleaves IgA dimers, inhibiting mucus membrane immunity N. gonorrhoeae, N. Meningitidis |
| K1 Capsular antigen |
|
capsule on Ecoli seen in neonatal meningitis. Inhibits complement and phagocytosis |
| intracellular polyphosphate granules |
| diptheria, seen w/ methylene blue staining |
|
Ring-enhancing lesions in HIV patient Treatment? |
|
Toxo treat - pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine |
| skin layer break allowing for infection |
| stratum corneum |
| congenital toxo |
| hydrocephalus, intracanial calcifications, chorioretinitis |