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| The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior. |
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| The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming. |
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| Automatic and innate instinctual behavior patters such as migration or mating rituals. |
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| 3 Basic Characteristics of Motivation |
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| Activation, Persistance and Intensity. |
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| A psychological perspective where psychologists consider how our evolutionary heritage may influence patterns of human behaviors, such as eating behaviors or the expression of emotions. |
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| Demonstrated by the initiation or production of behavior. |
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| Demonstrated by continued efforts or the determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles. |
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| Seen in the greater vigor of responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior. |
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| The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. |
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| The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium. |
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| A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis. |
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| The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards. |
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| The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal-neither too high or too low. |
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| The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities. |
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| Humanistic Theories of Motivation |
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| The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential. |
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| Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar. |
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| Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior. |
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Basal Metabolic Rate
(BMR) |
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| When the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration. |
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| Body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy. |
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| Consuming more calories than you burn off. Calories consumed exceeds calories expended. |
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| Fasting, dieting or consuming less calories than are expended. |
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| A regulatory process that helps you maintain your baseline body weight. |
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| A hormone manufactured primarily by the stomach that stimulates apetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. When your stomach GRowls, you have produced GHRelin. |
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| In eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consumng a particular food; in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior. |
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Satiation
(say-she-AY-shun) |
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Definition
| In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessivey satisfied. |
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| Hormine secreterd primarily by the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain. |
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Sensory-Specific Satiety
(sah-TIE-it-tee) |
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| The reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food. |
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| Hormine produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior. |
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| Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain. |
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| Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism. |
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| Settling-Point Models of Weight Regulation |
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| General model of weight regulation suggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is a balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure. |
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| A numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight. |
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| Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30. |
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| The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available. |
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| A condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the expected physiological response. |
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| Repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss, and weight gain; also called yo-yo dieting. |
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| Developed his model of human motivation. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. |
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| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
| People are motivated to satisfy the needs at each level of the heirarchy before moving up to the next level. Level 1: physiological needs such as food, water, warmth and rest. Level 2: safety needs such as security. Level 3: belongingness and love needs such as intimate relationships and friends. Level 4: esteem needs such as prestige and feelings of accomplishment. Level 5: self-actualization such as schieving one's potential. |
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| Defined by Maslow as a person's "full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities." |
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Self-Determination Theory
(SDT) |
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| Edward Deci and Richard Ryan's theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are satisfied. |
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| The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying or enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for it's own sake. |
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| External factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations. |
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| The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation. |
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| The desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task. |
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Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT) |
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| A projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways. |
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| A complex physiological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. |
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| The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others. |
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| The most fundamental set of emotion categories which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal. FEAR, SURPRISE, ANGER, DISGUST, HAPPINESS and SADNESS. |
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| Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people. |
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| Almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain's temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear. |
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| The attributaion of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects. |
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| Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions. |
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| The James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
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| Holds that we don't tremble and run because we are afraid, we are afraid because we tremble and run. Body signals trigger emotional experience. |
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| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion. |
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| Two-Factor Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is the interaction of psysiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal. |
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| Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| The theory that emotional responses are triggered by a cognitive evaluation. |
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