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Definition
State of relations between US and its allies and USSR and its allies between end of WWII and 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare.
Significance: -time period in which US and USSR were constantly competing to outdo one another in terms of scientific, industrial, and political achievements
Analyze: -US fear of communist aggression and USSR desire to prove superiority to West after humiliation of WWII |
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Term
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Definition
Program of substantial loans initiated by US in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance.
Significance: -made to provide loans for Western nations after devastation of war and establish American economic dominance
Analyze: -humanitarian effort as well as tactic to prevent domestic communist movements in places like Franc and Italy |
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Term
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Definition
Nations favorable to USSR in eastern Europe during cold war; particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and East Germany.
Significance: -communist regimes and Soviet troops installed in bloc
Analyze: -USSR pushed westward; excluded opposition political movements |
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Term
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Definition
American president from 1945-1952; less eager for smooth relations with USSR than Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during WWII; architect of American diplomacy that initiated cold war.
Significance: -authorized use of atomic bomb in WWII
-less friendly towards Soviets than Roosevelt
Analyze: -emboldened by development of atomic technology; like Churchill, fearful of growing intensity of iron curtain and communist influence |
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Term
page 756
North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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Definition
Created in 1949 under US leadership to group most of western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression.
Significance: -grouped western European powers and Canada
analyze: -formed defensive alliance against possible Soviet hostility |
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Term
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Definition
Alliance organized by USSR with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949.
Significance: -meant to balance formation of NATO; further divided Eastern and Western world
Analyze: -Soviet development of nuclear weapons strengthened separation between NATO and Pact members |
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Term
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Definition
New activism of Western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after WWII; introduced programs to reduce impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning.
Significance: -reduced impact of economic inequality and provided civilians with medical care and economic planning
Analyze: -resistance ideas and leftward shift of political spectrum
-wartime planning in British gov't indicated need for changes |
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Term
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Definition
New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to power of national planning; came to fore in offices of gov't following WWII.
Significance: -well-trained in engineering or economics
-gained positions in offices of gov't in welfare states
Analyze: -up to 25% of gross national product going to welfare; nations needed leaders experienced in dealing with economic reform and stabilizing expenses |
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Term
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Definition
Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth.
Significance: -demonstrated growing concern for protection of environment, industrialism, and inflation
Analyze: -result of increased student populations, concern over nuclear weaponry, pollution from factories, et cetera |
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Term
page 759
European Union
(originally European Economic Community) |
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Definition
Alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands to create single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland and other nations for further European economic integration.
Significance: -first major effort to stimulate European economies as a whole (aside from USSR)
-tariffs reduced and set at certain rate among members; free movement of labor and investment encouraged
Analyze: -widespread agreement that economic unity was crucial; Common Market bureaucracy (Brussels) formed to oversee operations |
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Term
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Definition
New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it means to be female.
Significance: -stressed actual equality of men and women, as both possess strengths that make the gender valuable
Analyze: -desire to dissolve domestic roles and limitations previous placed on women
-reaction to revolutionary literary works like De Beauvoir's "The Second Sex" |
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Term
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Definition
Built in 1961 to half flow of immigration from East to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics; torn down at end of cold war in 1991.
Significance: - |
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