Term
| what Scientific Processes that Science is built around? |
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Definition
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Term
| Value of measurement in science |
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Definition
| Describes what we see in nature |
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Term
| Difference between fundamental and derived units and examples of each |
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Definition
| Derived quantities are combination's of two or more fundamental quantities. Volume is a combination of three lengths. Density is a combination of mass and volume. Speed is a combination of distance and time. |
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Term
| Definition, equation, and graph shape for quantities that are directly proportional and inversely proportional |
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Definition
In an equation quantities that are directly proportional are combined in a ratio that equals a constant
inversely proportional - In this relationship, for one quantity to change, the other must make an opposite change by the same factor. |
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Term
| Difference between vectors and scalars and examples of each |
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Definition
Some quantities have only an amount. Direction does not matter. We call them scalar quantities. (length, mass)
Vector quantities have both magnitude (amount) and direction. Forces are always vectors. A force is a push or pull. You cannot push or pull without have a direction. Time is also a vector. Time has a direction. Weight. |
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Term
| Relationship among distance, time, and speed |
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Definition
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Term
| How speed is different from velocity |
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Definition
| Speed is scalar. It has no direction. Velocity is a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction. |
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Term
| Shape of a distance vs. time graph that shows constant speed |
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Definition
| Directly proportional – straight line |
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Term
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Definition
| Acceleration is a change in the way location is changing. |
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Term
| What does acceleration depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Shape of distance vs. time graphs that shows speeding up and slowing down |
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Definition
| Parabola – curve up curve down |
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Term
| Newton's 1st Law of Motion*State the law |
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Definition
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Term
| What inertia is, what it depends on, and how it is observed in a car |
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Definition
| Inertia is the tendency of an object to maintain its current motion. Depends on net force. |
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Term
| Behavior of an object in equilibrium |
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Definition
| If all forces on an object are balanced, no net force acts on the object. The object is in equilibrium. An object in equilibrium can either be at rest or be moving at a constant velocity. It does NOT accelerate because no net force is acting on it. |
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Term
| Relationship among net force, acceleration, and mass |
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Definition
| Force = mass x acceleration |
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Term
| What factors affect gravity and how |
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Definition
It is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects.
It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two objects. |
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Term
| Difference between weight and mass |
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Definition
| The pull of Earth's gravity is called weight. Mass is the measure of the inertia of an object. |
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Term
| Definition of apparent weight and what causes it |
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Definition
| How heavy your body FEELS is called apparent weight. Apparent weight depends on the upward supporting force on your body. This supporting force is exerted by the platform that supports your body, such as a floor, seat, etc. |
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Term
| What makes you feel lighter, heavier, and weightless |
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Definition
| If the floor (and you) are in free fall, there is no supporting force on you so you feel weightless. |
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Term
| Why orbiting astronauts feel weightless |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationship between horizontal and vertical motion of a projectile |
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Definition
| Projectiles follow a parabolic path. It curves toward a horizontal direction as it goes up (constant) and then continues curving toward a vertical direction (accelerated by gravity) as it goes down. |
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Term
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Definition
| projectiles that are falling around the Earth |
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Term
| What force acts on satellites and its effect on orbital speed in circular orbital paths and elliptical orbital paths |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Force x distance - way of transferring energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the rate of work. |
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Term
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Definition
power = force x distance / time.
Distance / time = velocity. Power = force x velocity. |
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Term
| Definition of kinetic energy and factors it depends on |
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Definition
| The energy of motion – mass and speed |
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Term
| Definition of gravitational potential energy and factors it depends on |
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Definition
| Gravitational potential energy is acquired because of the position of an object in a gravitational field. It is directly proportional to both weight and altitude. Mathematically PE = mgh. mg is mass x acceleration due to gravity which is weight. |
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Term
| Energy transformations of falling objects |
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Definition
| Gains kinetic energy decreases potential energy |
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Term
| Contrast relative velocity and masses of objects after an explosion |
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Definition
| The object with less mass will have more velocity while the object with more mass will have less velocity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of temperature |
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Definition
| Temperature is the quality of hotness (or coldness) that all matter has. |
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Term
| Absolute zero, freezing point of water, and boiling point of water on the different temperature scales |
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Definition
Absolute zero -273C, -459F, 0K
Freezing point of water – 0C, 32F, 273K
Boiling point of water – 212F, 100C, 373K |
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Term
| Describe 3 types of heat transfer |
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Definition
Conduction is transfer of matter from one object to another object when the two are in contact.
Convection is the transfer of heat within a fluid.
Radiation is the transfer of heat from one object to another without contact by giving off infrared electromagnetic waves. |
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Term
| What temperature of a substance does during a phase change |
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Definition
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Term
| How each phase change affects surroundings and why |
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Definition
| If particles get farther apart (liquid to gas), they gain potential energy from the surroundings and cool the surroundings in the process. If particles get closer together (gas to liquid), they lose potential energy to their surroundings and warm the surroundings in the process. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| If two objects of different temperature are in contact, heat will spontaneously flow from the hot object to the cold object. |
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Term
| What determines the direction of electric force |
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Definition
The electrical force between two particles is directly proportional to the product of their charges.
The electrical force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the particles. |
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Term
| Similarities and differences between gravity and electric force |
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Definition
| Gravity can only attract. Electrical charges can attract or repel depending on the character of the two charges. Also, gravity depends on the masses of the objects that are interacting while electric force depends on the charges of the objects. Another difference between gravity and electric force is the universal constant in each formula. The gravitational universal constant (G) is a very small number while the electric force universal constant (k) is a very large number. |
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Term
| How objects can be charged and what particles are transferred |
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Definition
| Rubbing items together. electrons |
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Term
| Ohms Law: Relationship among voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit |
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Definition
| Voltage = Current x Resistance |
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Term
| Properties of wire that affect its electrical resistance |
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Definition
| Type and size, devices that use the flow to do work |
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Term
| Description of parallel circuits and result when loads break |
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Definition
| In parallel circuits, loads are branched, offering the current more than one pathway to follow. When one branch is opened, the others are still closed and electricity still flows. |
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Term
| Description of series circuits and result when loads break |
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Definition
| In series circuits, loads are aligned in a row so that there is only one pathway. When any load is opened, the circuit is opened and the current flow stops. |
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Term
| How an electromagnet works |
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Definition
| Electromagnets take advantage of the magnetic field around current-carrying wire. If the wire is coiled, the magnetic field inside the coil is concentrated and intensified. An iron core inside the coil serves as the magnet itself. When the electric current in the wire stops flowing, the magnetic field dissipates and the electromagnet loses its magnetic qualities. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a generator, a coil of wire spins past a permanent magnet. As it spins through the magnetic field, electricity flows through the coil. |
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Term
| How an electric motor works |
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Definition
| An electric motor is just the opposite of a generator. Electricity flows through a coil that is near a permanent magnet. The attraction and repulsion between the permanent magnetic field and the magnetic field around the coil cause the coil to spin. |
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Term
| Difference between wave phenomena and particle phenomena |
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Definition
| A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy without the transfer of matter. Particle phenomena transfer both energy and matter. |
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Term
| Difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves |
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Definition
Transverse waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.
Longitudinal waves vibrate parallel to the direction of wave motion. |
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Term
| Descriptions and applications of wave reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference |
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Definition
Reflection happens when a wave bounces off a barrier.
Refraction happens when a wave bends while passing through a barrier.
Diffraction happens when a wave bends around a barrier.
Interference happens when two waves pass through the same point at the same time.
Interference can be constructive or destructive. |
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Term
| Speed and amplitude of sound in solids, liquids, and gases |
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Definition
| The faster the vibration, the higher the pitch. Amplitude of sound is interpreted as loudness. The larger the amplitude, the louder the sound. |
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Term
| What sound wave properties determine pitch and loudness |
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Definition
How fast determines pitch
How far determines loudness |
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Term
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Definition
| A stationary listener produces successive wave fronts that are a specific distance apart. But if the listener if moving, the wave fronts in front of the wave will be closer than when the sender is still. This causes the wavelengths to be shorter and the frequency and pitch to be higher. Likewise, the wave fronts behind the sender will be farther apart than normal. This causes the wavelength to be longer and the frequency and pitch to be lower. |
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Term
| Photoelectric effect and how it changed the theory of light |
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Definition
| This effect is simply production of electricity by shining light on a piece of metal. The electromagnetic theory described brightness of light with the amplitude of the waves and color with the frequency (wavelength) of the waves. Based on this description, brighter light should increase the voltage produced. But it did not. Higher frequencies produced greater voltage. |
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Term
| Uses and dangers of different types of electromagnetic radiation |
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Definition
| Radio waves are used for communication as are microwaves. Microwaves are also used to heat food because they have the same frequency as vibrations of water molecules. Ultraviolet radiation does not feel hot but it does cause burns to the skin (sunburn) and skin cancer. X rays are so energetic that they can penetrate almost any material. Gamma rays are the most energetic electromagnetic waves and can do the most damage to our bodies. |
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Term
| *Difference between virtual and real images |
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Definition
| Virtual images cannot be caught (focused) on a screen. They are always upright. Real images can be caught (focused) on a screen. They are always upside down |
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Term
| Types of mirrors and lenses that produce each type of image |
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Definition
Virtual images: They are produced by diverging lenses and mirrors or by flat mirrors.
Real images: They are produced by converging lenses and mirrors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The law of reflection states that light bounces back from a surface at an angle that is equal to the angle at which it hits the surface. The law can simply be stated this way: Incident angle is equal to reflected angle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A law of refraction states that if it slows down, the light bends toward the normal. (A normal is an imaginary line that is perpendicular to the surface.) If the light speeds up, it bends away from the normal. |
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Term
| Primary and complimentary colors of light |
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Definition
Primary colors – red, green, blue
Complimentary – red-cyan, green-magenta, blue-yellow |
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Term
| Observations from Rutherford 's experiment and the resulting atomic model |
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Definition
| The result was that most particles went straight through with little or no deflection. As you moved farther from the original path, you found fewer and fewer deflected particles. |
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Term
| Subatomic particles masses, charges, and location |
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Definition
| Nucleus contains most of the atom which is located in the center of the atom, Protons have a charge of +1, neutrons have no charge. Outside we find electrons which have a mass number of -1. |
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Term
| Difference among radioactive emissions |
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Definition
Alpha – mass number – +4, charge - +2
Beta – mass number – 0, charge, -1
Gama – mass number – 0, charge, 0 |
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Term
| How each type of radioactive decay affects the nucleus |
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Definition
Emitting gamma radiation does not change the mass number or number of protons in an atom. Therefore, it does not change the identity of the atom.
Emitting alpha radiation lowers the mass number by four and lowers the atomic number by 2. The atom changes identity when it emits alpha radiation.
Emitting beta radiation does not change the mass number of the atom. But it does increase the atomic number by one. This means that a neutron becomes a proton by losing an electron from the neutron. |
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Term
| Difference between fission and fusion |
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Definition
| Nuclear fission is a process in which a nucleus is split into two or more smaller nuclei. The process of nuclear fusion does not create radioactive waste. It generates more energy than fission. The problem with fusion is controlling it. We do not have a way to contain the large amount of heat or control the speed of a fusion reaction so that the energy can be harnessed. |
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Term
| Definition of binding energy and how it affects the nucleus |
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Definition
| When these particles in nuclear fission, are forced so close that they are in the same nucleus, part of their masses is converted to energy called binding energy. The binding energy holds the nucleus together. |
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Term
| How atomic spectra are produced |
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Definition
| When the atom is exposed to energy (such as electricity or heat), the electron jumps from its lowest energy ground state to higher energy level (called excited state). The electron then falls back to ground state and releases a photon of light in the process. The color (frequency) of the photon depends on the energy difference between the electron's excited state and ground state. |
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Term
| Definitions of acids and bases |
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Definition
Acids are chemicals that have one or more ionizable hydrogens. Proton donors
Bases - Bases accept protons (hydrogen ions) in chemical reactions. We say they are proton acceptors. |
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Term
| Describe neutralization reactions |
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Definition
| When an acid and base react we call this a neutralization reaction. The acid neutralizes the base and the base neutralizes the acid. |
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Term
| Factors that affect solubility of solids in liquids |
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Definition
| Solutes dissolve according to the "like dissolves like" rule. Substances with charges (ionic or polar molecular) tend to dissolve in each other. |
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Term
| Factors that affect rate of dissolving of solids in liquids |
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Definition
| Stirring, crushing, shaking Heating makes it dissolve faster and more solute can dissolve. |
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Term
| Properties of solution types based on the concentration of solute |
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Definition
Saturated solutions contain the most possible solute that can be dissolved at that temperature.
Unsaturated solutions contain less solute than can be dissolved at that temperature.
Supersaturated solutions contain more solute than can be dissolved at that temperature. |
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Term
| Difference between ionization and dissociation |
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Definition
Ionic electrolytes (like salt) go through a process called dissociation. In dissociation, ions break free from each other as they dissolve. These ions conduct electricity through the water.
Covalent molecular electrolytes (like acids) go through a process called ionization. If you remember, we said acids have ionizable hydrogens. When acid molecules are dissolved, the molecules break into ions, which are dissolved into the water. |
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Term
| Factors that affect reaction rate |
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Definition
The amount of contact between reactants. Stirring and heating.
Energy of activation. Reactants must collide with sufficient energy to start a reaction. If the energy of their collision is not great enough, they will simply bounce off without reacting. |
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Term
| Function of catalysts in chemical reactions |
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Definition
| A catalyst works by lowering the energy of activation. Catalysts do not participate in reactions. They are not used up. Instead they make it easier for the reactants to react. |
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Term
| Number of bonds around carbon atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Definitions for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes |
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Definition
We call alkanes, saturated hydrocarbons.
Alkenes are hydrocarbons with one double bond in the chain.
If there is a triple bond in the chain, we call the hydrocarbon an alkyne. |
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Term
| General formula for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes |
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Definition
alkane is CnH2n+2.
alkenes is CnH2n.
Alkynes is CnH2n-2. |
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Term
| *Definition and formation of polymers |
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Definition
| A polymer is a long chain of identical parts called monomers. Nature and man made |
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