Pantheon (St. Genevieve)

jacques Soufflot

1730s visited italy, attended french academy in rome

inspired by roman ruins

Returns to italy with a marquee, bro of Madame Pompadour

-Marquee was director general of royal buildings

Made Sufflot the cheif architect for government buildings in paris

St. Genevieve is his most famous building

often reffered to the pantheon 

dedicated to the ST. Genevieve, patron st of paris

during revolution it was renamed the pantheon

architects aim was to combine purity of greek architecture with structural lightness of gothic architecture.

Corinthian order, temple front . 

increasing verticality of the drum with columns

Front portico reminiscient of roman pantheon and greek temples

Central plan- domed greek cross

lengthened at the portico in the foyer

influenced by bramante and Michelangelos OG plans for St. Peters and Wrens model

Dome was also influenced by the above

clarity and simplicity moves us into neoclassical 

emphasis on line

much lighter than baroque architecture

also used flying buttresses

Dome was not stable and was in danger of collapsing

many interior window were walled up in order to keep dome intact

overall vertical emphasis

Not a traditional basilica plan...elongated cross plan

La madeleine Paris

Pierre Vignon

he was inspector of barracks for paris nat'l guard

appointed architect to the arsenel then inspector gen of buildings

- Most famous structure

-dedicated to St. Mary magdalene

1806-1842- construction took a long time due to revolution. 

long history back to middle ages - jewish synogogue on this site..later seized by parisians to build a church for st. mary.

By 18th c the church needed to be replaced. 

King Louis XVI was taken here after his death and was buried in the grounds of the church.

Vignon proposed converting the unfinished church into a secular building. 

Commissioned by Napoleon- Temple of Glory to the Great Army

-competition and a diff architect won but napoleon preferred vignon

Vignon designed a large corinthian temple that is based on an ancient Roman temple in Nimes France-Maison Carree

Vignons building was too expensive and napoleons idea never came to fruition.

2nd competition was held for the Church under King and Vignon won

La Madeleine

Vignon

columns go all the way around -

peripteral

52 columns

Doors made of bronze

stands on a podium

corinthian order

continuous frieze

facce in the architrave

pediment with dentals

Interior: inspired by roman bathhouses

-guilded and slightly baroque

early neoclassical

has coffering

decorative

Religious freedom and economica opportunity

1st permanent settlement was Jamestown Virginia

- mix of english people

- The london company sent people out there to trade

-Named after queen elizabeth I  (virgin queen)

Women were sold to Virginia farmers for tobacco

next year 100 pauper children were sent to VA to apprentice

1619 the first slaves arrived to work in the feilds

- Beginning of the plantation system

Plantations- self supporting, tobacco was main crop

very little architecture survives from 17th century VA

most houses were tudor style

Brick structures have survived

Diamond windows were used--medieval england

architecture imitated farmhouses of medieval england

Timber frame and steep roofs

Adam Thoroughgood house

he came to America as an indentured Servant

paid for passage by working for several years for free

ended up with over 5,000 acres of land

house is unpretentious

locally produced bricks

simple plan, 2 rooms on each side of the main floor  +

2nd floor is attic floor

Doorway is not exactly centered -approximate symmetry

door leads into a small hall with stairway

each end has a chimney

very similar to english farmhouses

no reference to classical design

Simplification of Medieval design

emphasis on Vertical

steeply pitched roof

Diamond shaped leaded panes fused together

Chimney is stacked

flat arches over the windows may have been added

mortar was made from local oysters

St. Lukes Church

1632

Only 17th c church still standing in VA

similar to rural churches in England

No apse just nave and squared off alter

tower at the entrance with classical influence

has quoins-distinguished edges by adding something different

Quoins are seen in Roman architecture as well

Has roman arch for the doorway

pediment above the doorway as design

tondo windows

Also has gothic elements---window arches point and butressing, very steep roof

has dutch influence as well with the stepped gable in the back. 

Parson Capen House 1633

Massachusetts

solemn dignity

simplicity of form

minimal decoration

Many were puritans who preferred little decoration

Very comfy and pleasent

Doorway is off center

Chimney at center

2 cottages placed end to end

families would build half of what they wanted to eventually have

2 stories high witha steep pitched roof

only decoration is a pendant

Built in the barnhouse style

follow architecture of english country side

construct buildings of wood from the forest

use waddle and daub for insulation (clay and twig)

Fireplaces and chimneys were made of brick but rest of the house is wood

very few survived

small windows with diamond shaped leaded panes -medieval

Jethro Coffin House

Salt box house or Lean-to

When people added on to the house they created a lean to which was like a salt box

medieval windows

practical

Old ship meeting house

looks like a ships hull turned upside down

a ship builder might've helped design it

Congregationalist church

they didn't want the church to be anything like the roman or anglican churches

2 main purposes- a place for worship and town meetings

No prototype

Purely original for 1st developed in New England

simple square building with hipped roof and steep gable at one end

dormer window at top

simplicity

post and lintel with pediment

Interior: very simple. Roof has large rough hewn wooden exposed beams like english barns

wanted a lot of open space

no aisles no alter

pulpit for giving sermons

no decorations whatsoever

Wren Building , College of William and Mary

Prevailing style in England was the WIllaim and mary style

One of the most famouse buildings created in VA in 17th c.

Many people thought it was designed by Chris Wren. Influenced by his housing design

introduced a new style 

Pediments columns pilasters, many wrens houses made with red stone and white trim

facade is a simple horizontal block divided by pediment at the center- focal point

Passageway through building has tympanem

added a cupola- very tall and narrow

emphasising symmetry and center of structure

Stringcourse helps to unify the structure

6 rows of windows on each side that line up with eachother

sash windows- new at the time life up one half of the window

replaced traditional diamond shaped leaded windows

has hipped roof

Interior uses tondo windows and roman arches simple

Mount Vernon

in FAirfax county VA 1757

1730 several pattern books available with essays and plates about architecture. 

- main way classical architectural vocab was being introduced

Byt 1750 population of colonies increased by 1/4 of a million- 1.5 mil people here

Belonged to George Washington

no one knows who architect was. 

Georgian style type of neoclassical (for king george)

Serliana window /palladio window

Porch is like a portico

plantation house

Original home was very modest, George washington commissioned major additions to the home

expanded before revolutionary war doubling the size and then doubled it again after the war.

elements: cupola,  dormer windows, post and lintel

pediment, sash windows with shutters

Serliana on one side only

windows divided with mullions (squares small panes of glass dont have to lead them together)

Serliana window has split pediment at the top. Arch at the center and post and lintel to the side

arch keys used as decoration very classical

Strawberry Hill

Horace Walpole

twickenham London

English author wrote the first gothic novel

Castle of Otranto;a gothic story

1764

set in medieval architecture settings

1749-77 walpole designed his own home at strawberry hill as a neo - gothic romantic structure

most famous examples of romanticism

He just designed the house and took advice from friends and architects

Neo Gothic castle- revivalist architecture

romantic architecture

walpole oversaw every detail. 

memento mori-the transitory state of life

Man is minute in comparison to everything

Once completed he published a catalog in 1774 for visitors. 

assymmetry, gothic influence

narrow windows, crenelation (for archers to hide behind)

quatrafoil windows (1st 4 books of bible)

tall spires

sprawling

connical tower with crenolation

Interior insprired by english gothic cathedral. Builds around it to make it darker.

Wanted to create shadows

Houses of Parliament

Westminster 1834

Barry and Pugin

old house burned down , competition was held for a new design for the structure.

Charles Barry won

Immediately hired Pugin as an assistant drafts man but he was in charge of designing details

Took their whole lives to design this structure

11 hundred rooms, 100 staircases and 3 miles of corridors

Neo gothic style favorite of the English

emphasis on the vertical, linear , many towers and spires

some crenolation

Romantic style

Piranesi

Opening page for guidebook of tours of rome

Piranesi is most famous of romantic artists and architects

trained as architect, very few designs created and none survive

we know him best for etchings and engravings

2 most important series: 1. roman architecture 2. Prisons series

prison series- gloomy negative, dungeons torture, imaginative architecture

He also designed Furniture

only two pieces of his furniture survive (side table) - gilded

Carpenters gothic- used in homes, gingerbreading (lacey decoration) finnials

webbed vaults

reminds up of medieval times

asymmetry

row houses with very steep gables and diamond windows

Carl Freidrich Schinkel-  learned to paint , while at an exhibit in berlin her met two architects the Gillies who become his teachers

gilly founded a school and his son friedrich Gilly was influenced by french neo classical architecture esp idealist designs

-pure geometric forms

-schinkel moved in with gilly home at 18 to study architecture

Neue wache

schinkel

most famous, guardhouse for the king of prussia

modeling this from roman fortress design

classic greek temple front

doric order columns

has sculptures in the architrave instead of triglyphs, has blank metopes

simplified dentals

Pediement- placed sculpture as a memorial to prussias fight against napoleon, wars of liberation

in sculpture nike is victorious

colonade in the front and pilaster

Schauspielhaus

Schinkel

greek revival theater

grand exterior stairway

continuous blank frieze

one pediment behind the next with dentals

ionic columns

Altes museum

Schinkel

greek revival

growing middle class in berlin. 

wanted more equality and wanted to be more culturally aware.

art should be shown in galleries and museums

King of Prussia decided to make royal art collection available (Wilhelm). Nothern part of spree island is a sanctuary for art and science

renamed museum island opened in 1830

located right across from palace

most famous work

part of a civic court

schinkel had to change the course of the spree river to accomadate the museum

exterior has sense of dignity raised on a plinth (platform). Ionic columns, colonnade, 

quoting the greek architectures

colonnade is on one side

Interior: central rotunda and then the wings

flanked by open courts and gallery spaces

original dome modeled on roman pantheon dome

Dome is hidden on purpose so that it didn't compete with church. 

very neoclassical dome with coffers and an oculus. 

corinthian columns

coffers have sculptures

Lilly house 1837

Chatsworth house

paxton

123 feet wide 223 feet long. largest greenhouse in the world.

4ft long sheets of glass, 

It needed heating. 

most important house he designs

Joseph Paxton- worked as a gardner at chiswick house

1823 duke appt him head gardener

began working at chatsworth house and designed the garden and greenhouses

Lillyhouse- great conservatory

duke was given one seed of large exotic lilyfrom amazon

paxton planted lily in greenhouse and it grew 4 1/2 feet

lily house designed specifically to house theamazon lilly

Designed his conservatory based on the leaves of a conservatory

he is imitating nature- rigid radiating limbs with flexible cross ridges

light modular wooden framwork and glass panels

hollow pillars acted as drain pipes

special rafter that acted  as a gutter to catch the rain

modular sheets of glass

inexpensive to build

Crystal Palace

Queen Victoria- Prince albert decided to host a new Worlds Fair exhibition to promot industrial revolution technology

celebration of modern british technology and design

wanted to be the leader in moder tech

The great exhibition of the work of all nations

took place in Hyde park in London

funded by public subscription

Extremely successful

formed a building committee, competition held. 245 plans submitted and only two designs were considered suitable-----iron and glass structures

-needed to be temporary though

- public wanted to permanent damage to hyde park

Eventually all plans were rejected

Joseph paxton hear about the competition etc

and in 9 days he designed and submitted his own plan

-it was late so committee was designing their own..brick building 

-criticized for it too permanent

Paxton Published his design and people loved it.

Within 2 weeks he submitted it officially

faster to build and less expensive to build than any other

It was a giant greenhouse. Vast flat roof rectangular hall (modifies later)

-modular prefabricated parts, yet it was elegant, cast iron wood and glass,was an industrial revolution building

-july 1850 it was approved and opened in 10 months

based on the lilly house

added barrel vault so the trees werent touched- 100 ft high

roof long triangular prism, light and strong

triangular panels of glass

Major problem: rain--used ridge and furrow roof --rain ran off into cast iron channels (paxton gutter)

Hollow pillars made of cast iron but it did leak in over 1,000 places. temporarily sealed with putty but problem was never solved. 

Temperature control- glass panes could be opened and closed to allow hot air to escape

designed external canvas shade cloths

people would spray water onto the cloths to create airconditioning

wood flooring with 9 inch boards and one inch gap between floorboard for dust and trash

designed sweeping machine for the building

Some parts were able to be fitted into place within 18hours of leaving the factory

new method of producing cast plate glass (larger sheets of glass).

Brunell also helped with the building

covered 19 acres, and 25x more ground space than the lilly house

only Cost 2 1/2x more to build. 

one man could fit over 100 panes of glass per day

the palace was enormously successful

no interior lights necessary

relocated to a park in south london but then it burned down

Ferrieres Mansion

Paxton

designed for Barons cousin in france by paxton

mishmosh victorian style on the inside

he published a monthly journal mag of botony and dictionary and horticulture books and journal

member of parliament till 1865

resigned as head gardner of chatswork when duke died

put money into railroad died rich

MereWorth Castle

Colin Campbell

Kent

Neo classical style inspired by Palladio

Palladian

copy of Palladios Villa Rotunda

done in mid 1700's

Commissioned by Earl of Westmorland

Interior features plasterwork by Bagutti and a Fresco by Francesco Sleter

used as prisoner of war camp in wwII

Chiswick House

Lord Burlington (Richard Boyle)

neo classical Palladian Villa

william kent designed the gardens

lord burlington designed the house

finest example of neo palladian architecture in London

used as a hospital in late 1800s

Roman villa with roman gardens

original design was based on La rotunda but it was rejected and instead used at merworth

by colin campbell

octagonal dome

facade is brick and stucco

rusticated on bottom

protruding plinthe

cornthian columns

ball finials

includes full length statues of Palladio and Inigo Jones

palladio influence: cubic form with central hall and rooms leading off of it

cornice is inspired by st martin in the feilds by gibbs

too small to live in and no kitched

could possible have been an art gallery due to all the statues and art

garden has serlian windows

as does the back of the house

Kedleston Hall

Robert Adam

derby England Neo Classical

commisioned by Sir Nathaniel Curzon (Baron) in 1759

designed by James Paine and Brettingham originally

Adam was put in charge of construction after Curzon saw his garden design

rusticated ground floor

Ashlar stone above

desgined the south facade with three sets of bays and 4 corinthian columns

blind triumphal arch

fragil with lots of movement

has a very low almost hidden dome

Interior has marble hall meant to reference a roman atrium

20 fluted alabaster corinthian columns

lit with glass skylights

Syon House

Robert Adam 18th century

Has a Neo Classical Interior

derives its name from syon abbey

commissioned by Duke of Northumberland

to redesign the house

Adams redesigned the interior

wanted to add a central rotunda but was rejected due to cost

became known as the "adam style"

includes a mix of roman, mannerist, baroque, romantic and gothic styles

built a suite of state rooms (most famous)

fluted columns

niches and a doorway imitating a niche

Osterly Park

Robert Adam

middles sex england 18th century

sits in osterly park

originally was the sight of a manor

jacobean style brick

Commissioned by Sir Francis Child a banker who bought the house and hired Adam to redesign the interior

one side is almost open and spanned by an ionic pedimented screen

central courtyard and piano nobile level

Interior is neoclassical

elaborate plasterwork

etruscan dressing room inspired by etruscan vases

also designed some of the furniture

Design for Newtons Cenotaph

Boullee

he was a french neoclassical architect]

cheif archited to Frederick of Prussia

one of the most influential architects next to ledoux

designed a number of private homes

developed a distince abstract geometric style

removed decoration and instead focused on simple forms

funerary monument  for sir isaac newton

was never built but was widely influential

Plan of chaux

Ledoux

Saline Royal

French neoclassisim 18c

designed a plan for the city of chaux

became known as the utopian

much of his work was sponsered by the French Monarchy

published a collection of designs

Inspectors house at Chaux 

Ledoux

located at the Saltworks

ledouxs utopia

considered his masterpiece

usescircles to create harmony

river runs right through the house so the inspector can inspect the water

Directors Building

Chaux

Saline Arc

Salt works

Ledoux

dsigned semicircular complex to represent hierarchical work

entrance through a massive doric portico

only phase of building to be completed

interior of building is like a salt mine

Tollgate 

Le Doux

Paris France

neoclassicism

did 60 toll gates in paris

rotonde de villete

very few stand today

to limit contraband and invasion

peristyle

doric columbs and rustic embossing

called a monument to enslavement and despotism

criticized for its austentatious style

made to look like temples

he was relieved of his design duties because of this and the project was scrapped