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| Black voting rights ; prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. slavery). |
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| Women's voting rights ; prohibits each of the states and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's sex. |
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| Youth Vote ; standardized the voting age to 18 |
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| Cleavages (cross cutting) |
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the state of being split
Ex. Cleavages in Religious diversity, Public opinion, etc |
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| Liberty, Equality, Individualism, Democracy, Rule of law |
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| Democracy in America ; Tocqueville |
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1. Abundant and fertile soil for democracy to grow
2. No feudal aristocracy; minimal taxes; few legal restraints
3. Westward movement; vast territory provided opportunities
4. Nation of small, independent farmers
5. "Moral and intellectual characteristics," today called political culture |
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| citizen's capacity to understand and influence political events |
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| Ability to understand and influence events |
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| Belief that system will respond to citizens |
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| Registration more difficult: longer residency, educational qualifications, and discrimination. Declining numbers |
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| required state governments to make the voter registration process easier by providing uniform registration services through drivers' license registration centers, disability centers, schools, libraries, and mail-in registration. |
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| a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote) |
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Americans support free enterprise.
Sub Categories: Capitalism and Socialism |
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| An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand. |
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| An economic system in which the basic means of production are primarily owned and controlled collectively, usually by government under some system |
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| Factors Associated with participation |
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| Education, Religion, Race & Ethnicity, Age, Gender |
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# College education has liberalizing effect; longer in college, more liberal
# Effect extends beyond end of college
# Exposure to information on politics
# Liberalism of professors
# Effect growing as more go to college |
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1. Religious traditions affect families
1. Catholic families somewhat more liberal
2. Protestant families more conservative
3. Jewish families decidedly more liberal
2. Two theories on differences
1. Social status of religious group
2. Content of religion's tradition |
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1. California study of Latinos and Asian Americans
2. Latinos identified themselves as Democrats / Asian Americans identified themselves as Republicans
3. Latinos were somewhat more liberal than Anglo whites and Asian Americans, but less liberal than blacks
4. Diversity within ethnic groups and limitations of such studies
5. Fifteenth Amendment gutted by Supreme Court as not conferring a right to vote |
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1. Western states permit women to vote
2. Nineteenth Amendment ratified 1920
3. No dramatic changes in outcomes |
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# A "problem" that has existed for a long time for both parties
1. Men and women both identified with the Democratic Party at about the same levels in the 1950s
2. By the 1990's men identified more with the Republican party while women continued to support the Democrats at earlier levels
# Possible explanations for the "gap"
1. Attitudes about size of government, gun control, spending programs for the poor, and gay rights
2. The conservative policy positions of men are increasingly matched by their party loyalty |
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| patterned set of political beliefs about who ought to rule, their principles and policies |
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people who generally like to reform current conditions
# Economic policy: liberals favor jobs for all, subsidized medical care and education, taxation of rich
# Civil rights: liberals prefer desegregation, equal opportunity, etc.
# Public and political conduct: liberals tolerant of demonstrations, favor legalization of marijuana, and so on
Pure liberals: liberal on both economic and personal conduct issues |
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political philosophies that favour tradition and gradual change, where tradition refers to religious, cultural, or nationally defined beliefs and customs.
Pure conservatives: conservative on both economic and personal conduct issues |
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| conservative on economic issues, liberal on personal conduct issues |
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Southern strategies
1. Literacy test
2. Poll tax
3. White primaries
4. Grandfather clauses
5. Intimidation of black voters
the literacy test gained infamy as a means for denying the franchise to African Americans in an unfair manner |
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Meaning of partisanship unclear in most families; less influence on policy preferences
An inclination to be partisan or biased |
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| A system or philosophy, which, in the name of respect for diversity, acknowledges the existence of different political opinions, moral and religious beliefs, and cultural and social behavior. |
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| those who have a disproportionate amount of some valued resource |
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# Crucial to democratic politics
1. Citizens must be reasonably tolerant
2. But not necessarily perfectly tolerant
# Levels of American political tolerance
1. Most Americans assent in abstract
2. But would deny rights in concrete cases
1. Liberals intolerant of extreme right
2. Conservatives intolerant of extreme left
3. Most are willing to allow expression to most
4. Americans have become more tolerant in recent decades |
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Limits on effectiveness of opinion polling; difficult to know public opinion
Has to be carefully worded |
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| The difference in results between what a small sample of people think and what the results would be if the entire population were surveyed. |
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| A procedure in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. |
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"Moral and intellectual characteristics," today called political culture
The orientation of the citizens of a nation toward politics, and their perceptions of political legitimacy and the traditions of political practice, |
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Social class: less important in United States than in Europe
1. More important in 1950s on unemployment, education, housing programs
2. Less important in 1960s on poverty, health insurance, Vietnam, jobs |
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| the standing one holds in society based on prestige. It is also affected by a number of factors such as occupation, wealth, education, and family background. |
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| voter apathy on election day is a cause for nonvoting |
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| outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States. |
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