Term
| Not an actual structure, but a series of tunnels, channels, and spaces in the petrous portion of the temporal bone |
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Definition
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Term
-There are 3 ___ filled chambers in the cochlea
-What are the 3 chambers?
-What fluid is in each chamber? |
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Definition
-fluid
-Scala vestibule, scala media, and scala tympani
-SV: perilymph; SM: endolymph; ST: perilymph |
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Term
| What is the function of the inner ear? |
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Definition
| To convert mechanical sound waves to neural impulses that can be recognized by the brain for hearing and balance. |
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Term
| The cochlea resembles a snail shell and spirals for about ____ turns around a bonycolumn |
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Definition
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Term
| The Organ of Corti is made up of what 3 things? |
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Definition
| sensory hair cells, supportive structures, and nerve fibers |
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Term
| The base of the basilar membrane is ___ and ___ and the apex is ___ and more ___ |
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Definition
| thin; stiff; wider; elastic |
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Term
| Which is more vulnerable, inner or outer HCs? |
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Definition
| Inner hair cells, which affects the 8th nerve which affects temporal processing |
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Term
| What side effects should you look for with IHC damage? |
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Definition
| tinnitus, sense of aural fullness, change in hearing sensitivity, and vertigo |
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Term
| Can ototoxicity cause auditory neuropathy and central auditory processing issues? |
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Definition
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Term
| the basic & applied science regarding the fate & actions of drugs in the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| any substance recommended or used to diagnose, treat, or prevent a disease |
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Definition
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Term
| How many prescription drugs are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 areas of Pharmacology? |
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Definition
| Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology, and pharmacogentics |
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Term
what the body does with a drug-absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion |
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Definition
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Term
what the drug does to the body-site & effect; mechanism
of interaction |
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Definition
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Term
| toxic or unwanted effects of drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| the body’s genetic response to drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some factors that can affect how a drug works? |
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Definition
| age, weight, other illnesses, diet, exercise, smoking, and other medications |
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Term
Phases of Clinical Trials:
-Phase I: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a ___
group of people for the ___ time to evaluate its safety,
determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects. • -Phase II: The drug or treatment is given to a ___ group of
people to see if it is ____ and to further evaluate its safety. -Phase III: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of
people to ___ its effectiveness, monitor ___ ___, compare it to ___ used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used ___.
-Phase IV: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in ___ populations and any side effects associated with long-term use. |
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Definition
| small; first; larger; effective; confirm; side effects; commonly; safely; various |
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Term
Methods Used to Create Medications:
-___ (most drugs are made this way)-Active ingredients are made via chemical processes
-from ___ sources
◦ Examples: morphine from opium poppy, insulin from cow/pig pancreas, penicillin from mold
-_____- A natural product is chemically modified to
improve safety or effectiveness ◦ Examples: some AMG, ___ |
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Definition
| Synthetically; natural; semi-synthetically; penicillin |
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Term
| What are the 3 names used for a drug? |
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Definition
| chemical name, generic name, and trade name |
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Term
| What is the generic and trade name for the chemical name of acetaminophen? |
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Definition
| Generic: acetaminophen; Trade names: tylenol, tempra, tapanol, and liquiprin |
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Term
| underlying physiological mechanism; chemical produces response(s) |
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Definition
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Term
| observed consequences of actions |
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Definition
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Term
| a drug that can interact with a receptor to activate a response |
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Definition
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Term
| part of a cell (membrane surface) with which the drug interacts |
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Definition
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Term
| a drug that can bind to a receptor, but does not activate receptor to produce response |
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Definition
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Term
| What can happen if an antagonist binds to a receptor? |
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Definition
| It may prevent an agonist from binding which could prevent a normal response |
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Term
| how well a drug binds to its receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| how efficiently the drug-receptor complex produces a response |
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Definition
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Term
-Agonists have ___ affinity & ___ efficacy.
-Antagonists have ___ affinity and ___ efficacy. |
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Definition
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Term
Two Basic Principles of Pharmacology:
-No drug produces a ___ effect. All drugs act at ___ sites.
-Every drug produces adverse or unwanted ___ ___. |
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Definition
| single; multiple; side effects |
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Term
| What did the Food and Drug Act of 1906 do? |
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Definition
| required mfrs to list ingredients on labels. No misleading or false claims. Registration of some medications. |
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Term
What did these laws do?
-1912 Sherley Amendment
-1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
-1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment |
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Definition
-prohibited false claims for meds with patents
-Prevented new drugs from being marketed until
tested. Mandated accurate labels.
-Specified how prescription drugs could be ordered & dispensed; required label |
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Term
What did this legislation do?
-1962 Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment
-1994 Dietary Supplement Health & Education Act |
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Definition
-Required mfrs to prove safety & efficacy before
marketing. Required drugs approved in1938-1962 to be
tested
-Allowed FDA to regulate claims & labels for “dietary supplements”; classified them as foods so they are NOT required to pass safety & efficacy testing |
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